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Biomonitoring and Subsequent Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Phthalates in Iranian Children and Adolescents Publisher Pubmed



Jeddi MZ1 ; Gorji ME2 ; Rietjens IMCM1 ; Louisse J1, 3 ; De Bruin YB4 ; Liska R5
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, Netherlands
  2. 2. Food Safety and Hygiene Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6559, Iran
  3. 3. RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, Netherlands
  4. 4. DG Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Directorate E—Space, Security and Migration, Knowledge for Security and Migration Unit (E.7), TP 450, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, 21027, VA, Italy
  5. 5. DG Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Directorate F—Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Chemical Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), TP 126, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, 21027, VA, Italy

Source: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Published:2018


Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the exposure and related health risks of phthalates, and to assess the health risks from combined exposure to three of the phthalates sharing the same mode of action (anti-androgenicity) in children. We determined the internal exposure of 56 Iranian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years by analyzing seven urinary metabolites of five phthalates. The estimated daily intake values derived from the biomonitoring data ranged from 0.01 µg/kg bw/day for butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), to 17.85 µg/kg bw/day for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The risk assessment revealed that not only the exposure to the individual phthalates, but also the combined exposure to the three anti-androgenic phthalates (DEHP, DBP, BBP) did not raise a safety concern (hazard index values averaged 0.2). The range of maximum cumulative ratio values varied from around 1 for most individuals to around 2 in some individuals, indicating that the combined exposures were dominated by one and in some cases by two of the three anti-androgenic phthalates, especially dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and/or DEHP. Based on biomonitoring data, the overall combined exposure of Iranian children to phthalates does not raise a concern, while reduction of exposure is best focused on DEHP and DBP that showed the highest hazard quotient. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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