Assessment of the Antileishmanial Activity of Diallyl Sulfide Combined With Meglumine Antimoniate on Leishmania Major: Molecular Docking, in Vitro, and Animal Model Publisher Pubmed



Zarrinkar F¹ ; Sharifi I¹ ; Salarkia E¹ ; Keyhani A¹ ; Babaei Z¹ ; Khamesipour A² ; Parizi MH¹ ; Molaakbari E¹ ; Sharifi F³ ; Dabiri S⁴ ; Bamorovat M¹ Show Affiliations
Source: PLoS ONE Published:2024

Abstract

Currently, no safe vaccine against leishmaniasis is available. So far, different control strategies against numerous reservoir hosts and biological vectors have not been environment-friendly and feasible. Hence, employing medicinal components and conventional drugs could be a promising approach to developing novel therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to explore diallyl sulfide (DAS), a dynamic constituent of garlic, alone and in a mixture with meglumine antimoniate (MAT as standard drug) using in vitro and animal model experiments against Leishmania major stages. The binding affinity of DAS and four major defense elements of the immune system (iNOS, IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α) was used to predict the predominant binding mode for molecular docking configurations. Herein, we conducted a broad range of experiments to monitor and assess DAS and MAT potential treatment outcomes. DAS, combined with MAT, displayed no cytotoxicity and employed a powerful antileishmanial activity, notably against the clinical stage. The function mechanism involved immunomodulation through the induction of Th1 cytokine phenotypes, triggering a high apoptotic profile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and antioxidant enzymes. This combination significantly decreased cutaneous lesion diameter and parasite load in BALB/c mice. The histopathological findings performed the infiltration of inflammatory cells associated with T-lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ phenotypes, as determined by biochemical markers in alleviating the amastigote stage and improving the pathological changes in L. major infected BALB/c mice. Therefore, DAS and MAT deserve further advanced therapeutic development and should be considered as possible candidates for treating volunteer cases with cutaneous leishmaniasis in designing an upcoming clinical trial. © 2024 Zarrinkar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.