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Advances and Principles of Hyaluronic Acid Production, Extraction, Purification, and Its Applications: A Review Publisher Pubmed



Saadati F1 ; Bahrulolum H1 ; Talebi M2 ; Karimi M1 ; Bozorgchami N3 ; Ghale RA1 ; Zafar S4 ; Aghighi Y1 ; Asiaei E1 ; Tabandeh F1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules Published:2025


Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear, unbranched polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid. It plays a crucial role in promoting soft tissue growth, elasticity, and scar reduction. The growing demand for HA in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications has provoked extensive research into diverse production strategies. Current efforts focus on bacterial and yeast fermentation. However, the extraction process presents a significant challenge due to the complex nature of source materials like fermentation broth, which contains numerous components and solutes. Achieving high extraction yields and purity requires careful consideration of extraction techniques. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the primary methodologies employed for HA production, elaborating on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements in HA extraction and purification, with a particular emphasis on bacterial sources and the applications of HA. This review critically evaluates current HA production strategies, identifies key challenges hindering scalability and efficiency, and discusses innovative solutions under development to overcome these limitations. © 2025
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