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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Suicide Mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Publisher



Orpana HM1, 2 ; Marczak LB3, 333 ; Arora M3, 333 ; Abbasi N4 ; Abdulkader RS5 ; Abebe Z6 ; Abraha HN7, 8 ; Afarideh M9, 88 ; Afshari M10 ; Ahmadi A11 ; Aichour AN12 ; Aichour I12 ; Aichour MTE13 ; Akseer N14, 46 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Orpana HM1, 2
  2. Marczak LB3, 333
  3. Arora M3, 333
  4. Abbasi N4
  5. Abdulkader RS5
  6. Abebe Z6
  7. Abraha HN7, 8
  8. Afarideh M9, 88
  9. Afshari M10
  10. Ahmadi A11
  11. Aichour AN12
  12. Aichour I12
  13. Aichour MTE13
  14. Akseer N14, 46
  15. Alraddadi RM15
  16. Alahdab F16
  17. Alkerwi A17
  18. Allebeck P18, 19, 86
  19. Alvisguzman N20, 21
  20. Anber NH22, 23
  21. Anjomshoa M24, 25
  22. Antonio CAT26, 27
  23. Arora A28, 29
  24. Aryal KK30
  25. Asgedom SW31, 101
  26. Awasthi A32, 33, 162
  27. Quintanilla BPA34, 35
  28. Badali H36
  29. Barkercollo SL37
  30. Barnighausen TW38, 39, 203
  31. Bazarganhejazi S40, 41
  32. Benjet C41, 42, 50
  33. Bensenor IM43, 272
  34. Berfeld N44
  35. Beuran M45
  36. Bhutta ZA14, 46, 47
  37. Biadgo B48
  38. Bililign N49
  39. Borges G42, 50
  40. Borschmann R51, 52
  41. Brazinova A53
  42. Breitborde NJK54, 55
  43. Brugha T56
  44. Butt ZA57, 58
  45. Carrero JJ59
  46. Carvalho F60
  47. Malta DC61
  48. Castanedaorjuela CA62, 63
  49. Catalalopez F64, 65
  50. Ciobanu LG66, 67
  51. Dachew BA68, 69
  52. Dandona L3, 34, 333
  53. Dandona R3, 33, 162, 333
  54. Dargan PI70, 71
  55. Daryani A72
  56. Davitoiu DV73, 74
  57. Davletov K75
  58. Degenhardt L3, 76, 333
  59. Demoz GT77, 78
  60. Jarlais DCD79
  61. Dharmaratne SD3, 80, 333
  62. Djalalinia S81
  63. Doan L82
  64. Doku DT83, 84
  65. Dubey M85
  66. Elkhatib Z18, 86
  67. Eskandarieh S87
  68. Esteghamati A9, 88
  69. Esteghamati S89
  70. Faro A90
  71. Farzadfar F91
  72. Fekadu W92, 93
  73. Fernandes E94
  74. Ferrari AJ69, 95
  75. Filip I96, 97
  76. Fischer F98
  77. Foreman KJ3, 333
  78. Fukumoto T99, 100
  79. Gebre AK31, 101
  80. Grosso G102, 103
  81. Gupta R104, 105
  82. Haagsma JA106
  83. Bidgoli HH107
  84. Hajmirzaian A108, 109
  85. Hamidi S110
  86. Hankey GJ111, 112
  87. Haro JM113, 114
  88. Hassen HY115, 116
  89. Hay SI3, 117, 333
  90. Heidari B9, 88
  91. Hendrie D118
  92. Rad EH119
  93. Hosseini SM120
  94. Hostiuc S121, 122
  95. Irvani SSN91, 123
  96. Islam SMS124, 125
  97. Jakovljevic M126, 127
  98. James S3, 333
  99. Jayatilleke AU128, 129
  100. Jha RP130
  101. Jonas JB131, 132
  102. Jozwiak JJ133
  103. Kadel R134
  104. Kahsay A135
  105. Kasaeian A136, 137
  106. Kassa GM138
  107. Kawakami N139
  108. Kefale AT140
  109. Kemp GR3, 333
  110. Khader YS141
  111. Khafaie MA142
  112. Khalil IA3, 333
  113. Khan EA143
  114. Khan MA144, 145
  115. Khan MS146, 147, 318
  116. Khang YH148, 149
  117. Khubchandani J150
  118. Kiadaliri AA151
  119. Kieling C152, 153
  120. Kim YE154
  121. Kisa A155, 156
  122. Knudsen AKS157, 158
  123. Kokubo Y159
  124. Koyanagi A114
  125. Krish VS3, 333
  126. Defo BK160, 161
  127. Kumar GA33, 162
  128. Kumar M163, 164
  129. Lamichhane P165
  130. Lang JJ166
  131. Latifi A167
  132. Lee PH168
  133. Leung J169
  134. Lim LL170, 171
  135. Lopez AD3, 52, 333
  136. Lorkowski S172, 173
  137. Lotufo PA174
  138. Lozano R3, 117, 333
  139. Lunevicius R175
  140. Mahesh PA176
  141. Majdan M177
  142. Majdzadeh R178, 179
  143. Malekzadeh R91, 180
  144. Manda AL181
  145. Mansournia MA182
  146. Mantovani LG183
  147. Maravilla JC184
  148. Martinezraga J185, 186
  149. Mathur MR33, 162
  150. Maulik PK187, 188
  151. Mcgrath JJ189, 190
  152. Mehrotra R191
  153. Mekonen T92
  154. Mendoza W192
  155. Meretoja TJ193, 194
  156. Mestrovic T195, 196
  157. Miller TR118, 197
  158. Mini GK198, 199
  159. Mirrakhimov EM200, 201
  160. Mitchell PB202
  161. Moazen B38, 203
  162. Mohammad KA204, 205
  163. Mohammadi M206
  164. Mohammed S38, 203, 207
  165. Mokdad AH3, 117, 333
  166. Monasta L208
  167. Moosazadeh M209
  168. Moradi G210, 211
  169. Moradilakeh M212, 304
  170. Moradinazar M213
  171. Velasquez IM214
  172. Morisaki N215
  173. Morrison SD216
  174. Moschos MM217, 218
  175. Mousavi SM25
  176. Mustafa G219, 220
  177. Nagel G221
  178. Naheed A222
  179. Naik G223
  180. Najafi F224
  181. Negoi I181
  182. Negoi RI225, 226
  183. Nguyen HLT227
  184. Nguyen LH228
  185. Nixon MR3, 333
  186. Oforiasenso R229, 230
  187. Ogbo FA231
  188. Oh IH232
  189. Olagunju AT233, 234
  190. Olagunju TO235
  191. Overland S158, 236
  192. Owolabi MO237
  193. Pandajonas S131
  194. Parry CDH238, 239
  195. Pati S240
  196. Patten SB241, 242
  197. Patton GC243, 244
  198. Petzold M245
  199. Phillips MR246
  200. Planaripoll O190
  201. Postma MJ247, 248
  202. Pourshams A180
  203. Poustchi H180
  204. Qorbani M249
  205. Radfar A250, 251
  206. Rafay A252
  207. Rafiei A253, 254
  208. Rahim F255, 256
  209. Rahimimovaghar A257
  210. Rahimimovaghar V258
  211. Rahman MA165, 259
  212. Rai RK260, 261
  213. Rezaeian S213
  214. Roever L262
  215. Ronfani L208
  216. Roshandel G180, 263
  217. Rostami A264
  218. Sachdev PS202, 265
  219. Safari H266
  220. Safiri S267
  221. Salamati P258, 268
  222. Salimi Y269
  223. Salomon JA270
  224. Samy AM271
  225. Santos IS43, 272
  226. Santricmilicevic MM273
  227. Sartorius B117, 274
  228. Sarvi S72
  229. Satpathy M275, 276
  230. Sawhney M277
  231. Schwebel DC278
  232. Sepanlou SG91, 180
  233. Shaikh MA279
  234. Sharif M280
  235. Shibuya K281
  236. Shigematsu M282
  237. Shiri R283
  238. Shiue I284, 285
  239. Siabani S286, 287
  240. Siddiqi TJ147, 318
  241. Sigfusdottir ID288, 289
  242. Silva JP60
  243. Singh JA223, 290
  244. Filho AMS291, 292
  245. Sobhani S293
  246. Stein DJ294, 295
  247. Stein MB296, 297
  248. Sufiyan MB298, 299
  249. Sunguya BF300, 301
  250. Tabaresseisdedos R185, 302
  251. Tabb KM303
  252. Tavakkoli M80
  253. Tehranibanihashemi A212, 304, 305
  254. Temsah MH306, 307
  255. Topormadry R308, 309
  256. Tran BX310, 311
  257. Tran KB312, 313
  258. Ullah I314, 315
  259. Unutzer J316, 317
  260. Usman MS147, 318
  261. Uthman OA319
  262. Valdez PR320, 321
  263. Vasankari TJ322
  264. Vasconcelos C323
  265. Vlassov V324
  266. Vos T3, 117, 333
  267. Vujcic IS325
  268. Waheed Y326
  269. Wang YP327
  270. Weiderpass E328, 329
  271. Werdecker A330, 331
  272. Westerman R330
  273. Whiteford HA3, 332, 333
  274. Wyper GMA334, 335
  275. Yaseri M120, 336
  276. Yimer EM337
  277. Yisma E338
  278. Yonemoto N339
  279. Yoon SJ154, 340
  280. Yotebieng M341, 342
  281. Yousefifard M343
  282. Yu C344, 345
  283. Zaidi Z346, 347
  284. Zamani M348
  285. Murray CJL3, 117, 333
  286. Naghavi M3, 117, 333
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  2. 2. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
  3. 3. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Montreal Neuroimaging Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  5. 5. Department of Statistics, Manomaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
  6. 6. Human Nutrition Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  7. 7. Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  8. 8. Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  9. 9. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
  11. 11. Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  12. 12. University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  13. 13. Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
  14. 14. The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  15. 15. Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  16. 16. Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  17. 17. Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
  18. 18. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  19. 19. Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden
  20. 20. Research Group on Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  21. 21. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
  22. 22. Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  23. 23. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mamnsoura, Egypt
  24. 24. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  27. 27. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  28. 28. School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  29. 29. Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  30. 30. Monitoring Evaluation and Operational Research Project, Abt Associates Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal
  31. 31. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  32. 32. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  33. 33. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  34. 34. The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe, University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  35. 35. General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
  36. 36. Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  37. 37. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  38. 38. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg, University, Heidelberg, Germany
  39. 39. Department of Global Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  40. 40. Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  41. 41. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  42. 42. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  43. 43. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  44. 44. Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  45. 45. Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  46. 46. The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  47. 47. Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  48. 48. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Department of Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  50. 50. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  51. 51. Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  52. 52. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  53. 53. Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
  54. 54. Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  55. 55. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  56. 56. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  57. 57. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  58. 58. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  59. 59. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  60. 60. Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  61. 61. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  62. 62. Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  63. 63. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  64. 64. Department of Health Planning and Economics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  65. 65. Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  66. 66. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  67. 67. School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  68. 68. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  69. 69. School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  70. 70. Clinical Toxicology Service, Guy's and St, Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  71. 71. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  72. 72. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  73. 73. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  74. 74. Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
  75. 75. Department of Epidemiology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  76. 76. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  77. 77. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  78. 78. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  79. 79. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
  80. 80. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  81. 81. Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  82. 82. Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  83. 83. Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  84. 84. Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
  85. 85. United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
  86. 86. Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  87. 87. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Endocrine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  90. 90. Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
  91. 91. Non?communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  92. 92. Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  93. 93. Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  94. 94. REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  95. 95. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  96. 96. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  97. 97. Department of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  98. 98. Department of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  99. 99. Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (W.I.A.), Philadelphia, PA, United States
  100. 100. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  101. 101. School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  102. 102. Integrated Tumor Registry, Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic, Catania, Italy
  103. 103. Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  104. 104. West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston, WV, United States
  105. 105. Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
  106. 106. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  107. 107. Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  108. 108. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  109. 109. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  110. 110. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  111. 111. School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  112. 112. Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
  113. 113. Biomedical Research Networking Center, for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  114. 114. Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  115. 115. Public Health Department, Mizan?Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  116. 116. Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
  117. 117. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  118. 118. School of Public Health, Curtin, Bentley, WA, Australia
  119. 119. Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  120. 120. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  122. 122. Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  123. 123. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  124. 124. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  125. 125. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  126. 126. Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  127. 127. Division of Health Economics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  128. 128. Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  129. 129. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  130. 130. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  131. 131. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  132. 132. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
  133. 133. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  134. 134. Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
  135. 135. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  136. 136. Hematology?Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  137. 137. Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  138. 138. College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  139. 139. Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  140. 140. Pharmacy Department, Mizan?Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
  141. 141. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
  142. 142. Department of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  143. 143. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  144. 144. Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
  145. 145. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
  146. 146. Department of Internal Medicine, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, John H. Stroger, Chicago, IL, United States
  147. 147. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  148. 148. Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  149. 149. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  150. 150. Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
  151. 151. Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  152. 152. Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  153. 153. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Clinical Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  154. 154. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  155. 155. Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  156. 156. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  157. 157. Center for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  158. 158. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  159. 159. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  160. 160. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  161. 161. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  162. 162. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  163. 163. Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
  164. 164. Department of Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  165. 165. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  166. 166. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  167. 167. Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  168. 168. School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  169. 169. Center for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  170. 170. Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  171. 171. Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  172. 172. Institute of Nutrition, Friedrick Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  173. 173. Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany
  174. 174. Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  175. 175. Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  176. 176. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
  177. 177. Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  178. 178. Community?Based Participatory?Research (CBPR) Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  179. 179. Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  180. 180. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  181. 181. Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  182. 182. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  183. 183. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  184. 184. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  185. 185. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  186. 186. Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
  187. 187. Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  188. 188. School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  189. 189. Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  190. 190. National Centre for Register?based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  191. 191. Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
  192. 192. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  193. 193. Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  194. 194. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  195. 195. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  196. 196. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  197. 197. Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  198. 198. Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
  199. 199. Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
  200. 200. Faculty of General Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  201. 201. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  202. 202. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  203. 203. Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg, University, Heidelberg, Germany
  204. 204. Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  205. 205. ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq
  206. 206. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  207. 207. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  208. 208. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  209. 209. Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  210. 210. Social Determinants of Health Research, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  211. 211. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  212. 212. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  213. 213. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  214. 214. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
  215. 215. Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
  216. 216. Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  217. 217. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  218. 218. Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
  219. 219. Pediatrics Department, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  220. 220. Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  221. 221. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  222. 222. Initiative for Non Communicable Diseases, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  223. 223. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  224. 224. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  225. 225. Anatomy and Embryology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  226. 226. Department of Cardiology, Cardio?Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  227. 227. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  228. 228. Center for Excellence in Behavioral Health, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  229. 229. Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  230. 230. Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
  231. 231. Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
  232. 232. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  233. 233. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  234. 234. Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  235. 235. Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  236. 236. Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  237. 237. Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  238. 238. Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drug Use Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  239. 239. Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  240. 240. Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
  241. 241. Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  242. 242. Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  243. 243. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  244. 244. Population Health Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  245. 245. Swedish National Data Service, Gothenburg, Sweden
  246. 246. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  247. 247. Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  248. 248. Department of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  249. 249. Non?communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  250. 250. A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  251. 251. Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
  252. 252. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
  253. 253. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  254. 254. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  255. 255. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
  256. 256. Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular?Cellular Sciences Institute, Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  257. 257. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  258. 258. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  259. 259. Austin Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
  260. 260. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  261. 261. Department of Economics, University of Goettingen, Gottingen, Germany
  262. 262. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  263. 263. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  264. 264. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  265. 265. Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia
  266. 266. Department of Neurosurgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  267. 267. Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  268. 268. School of Health and Policy Management, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  269. 269. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  270. 270. Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  271. 271. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  272. 272. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  273. 273. Centre School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  274. 274. Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu?Natal, Durban, South Africa
  275. 275. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  276. 276. Udyam?Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  277. 277. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  278. 278. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  279. 279. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  280. 280. Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  281. 281. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  282. 282. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  283. 283. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  284. 284. Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle?Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
  285. 285. Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  286. 286. Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  287. 287. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  288. 288. Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  289. 289. Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
  290. 290. Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  291. 291. Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  292. 292. Collective Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
  293. 293. Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  294. 294. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  295. 295. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  296. 296. Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  297. 297. VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
  298. 298. Community Medicine Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  299. 299. Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
  300. 300. Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  301. 301. Implementation Science Tanzania, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  302. 302. Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
  303. 303. School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
  304. 304. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  305. 305. Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  306. 306. Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  307. 307. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  308. 308. Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
  309. 309. Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
  310. 310. Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  311. 311. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  312. 312. Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  313. 313. Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  314. 314. TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  315. 315. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  316. 316. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  317. 317. Health Services and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, Washington, United States
  318. 318. Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  319. 319. Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  320. 320. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  321. 321. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  322. 322. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  323. 323. Department of Surveillance of Noncommunicable Diseases and Diseases and Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
  324. 324. Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  325. 325. Institute of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  326. 326. Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  327. 327. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  328. 328. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway Institute for Population Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
  329. 329. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  330. 330. Competence Center Mortality?Follow?Up, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  331. 331. Independent Consultant, Staufenberg, Germany
  332. 332. Population Mental Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  333. 333. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  334. 334. Information Services Division, National Health Service Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  335. 335. Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  336. 336. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  337. 337. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  338. 338. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  339. 339. Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
  340. 340. The National Mental Health and Welfare Commission, Seoul, South Korea
  341. 341. Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  342. 342. School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
  343. 343. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  344. 344. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  345. 345. Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  346. 346. Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  347. 347. Department of General Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  348. 348. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

Source: BMJ (Online) Published:2019


Abstract

Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates. © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited.
1. Trend of Years of Life Lost Due to Suicide in Iran (2006–2015), International Journal of Public Health (2018)
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