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Global, Regional, and National Age-Sex Specific All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality for 240 Causes of Death, 1990-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Publisher Pubmed



Naghavi M1 ; Wang H1 ; Lozano R1, 6 ; Davis A7 ; Liang X11 ; Zhou M9 ; Vollset SE1, 12, 14 ; Abbasoglu Ozgoren A15 ; Abdalla S16 ; Abdallah F17 ; Abdel Aziz MI18 ; Abera SF19 ; Aboyans V20 ; Abraham B21 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Naghavi M1
  2. Wang H1
  3. Lozano R1, 6
  4. Davis A7
  5. Liang X11
  6. Zhou M9
  7. Vollset SE1, 12, 14
  8. Abbasoglu Ozgoren A15
  9. Abdalla S16
  10. Abdallah F17
  11. Abdel Aziz MI18
  12. Abera SF19
  13. Aboyans V20
  14. Abraham B21
  15. Abraham JP22
  16. Abuabara KE23
  17. Aburaddad LJ25
  18. Aburmeileh NME26
  19. Achoki T1
  20. Adelekan A27
  21. Ademi Z29
  22. Adofo K30
  23. Adou AK31
  24. Adsuar JC32
  25. Arnlov J33
  26. Agardh EE34
  27. Akena D35
  28. Al Khabouri MJ36
  29. Alasfoor D36
  30. Albittar M38
  31. Alegretti MA40
  32. Aleman AV40
  33. Alemu ZA41
  34. Alfonsocristancho R5
  35. Alhabib S42
  36. Ali MK44
  37. Ali R45
  38. Alla F46
  39. Al Lami F37
  40. Allebeck P47
  41. Almazroa MA52
  42. Alshahi Salman R53
  43. Alsharif U54
  44. Alvarez E55
  45. Alvizguzman N56
  46. Amankwaa AA57
  47. Amare AT58, 59
  48. Ameli O60
  49. Amini H61, 62
  50. Ammar W65
  51. Anderson HR66
  52. Anderson BO5
  53. Antonio CAT67
  54. Anwari P68
  55. Apfel H1
  56. Argeseanu Cunningham S44
  57. Arsic Arsenijevic VS69
  58. Artaman A70
  59. Asad MM71
  60. Asghar RJ72
  61. Assadi R73
  62. Atkins LS74
  63. Atkinson C1
  64. Badawi A75
  65. Bahit MC76
  66. Bakfalouni T77
  67. Balakrishnan K78
  68. Balalla S79
  69. Banerjee A82
  70. Barber RM1
  71. Barkercollo SL80
  72. Barquera S6
  73. Barregard L83
  74. Barrero LH84
  75. Barrientosgutierrez T6
  76. Basu A85
  77. Basu S88
  78. Basulaiman MO52
  79. Beardsley J89
  80. Bedi N90
  81. Beghi E91
  82. Bekele T93
  83. Bell ML94
  84. Benjet C95
  85. Bennett DA45
  86. Bensenor IM96
  87. Benzian H24
  88. Bertozzivilla A1
  89. Beyene TJ98
  90. Bhala N99
  91. Bhalla A100
  92. Bhutta ZA101
  93. Bikbov B103
  94. Bin Abdulhak A104
  95. Biryukov S1
  96. Blore JD29
  97. Blyth FM107
  98. Bohensky MA29
  99. Borges G108
  100. Bose D109
  101. Boufous S110
  102. Bourne RR113
  103. Boyers LN114
  104. Brainin M115
  105. Brauer M117
  106. Brayne CEG118
  107. Brazinova A119
  108. Breitborde N120
  109. Brenner H121
  110. Briggs ADM45
  111. Brown JC1
  112. Brugha TS122
  113. Buckle GC123
  114. Bui LN124
  115. Bukhman G125
  116. Burch M128
  117. Campos Nonato IR6
  118. Carabin H130
  119. Cardenas R129
  120. Carapetis J131
  121. Carpenter DO132
  122. Caso V133
  123. Castanedaorjuela CA134
  124. Castro RE135
  125. Catalalopez F136
  126. Cavalleri F40
  127. Chang JC137, 152
  128. Charlson FC140
  129. Che X142
  130. Chen H146
  131. Chen Y144
  132. Chen JS147
  133. Chen Z45, 145
  134. Chiang PPC28
  135. Chimedochir O148
  136. Chowdhury R149
  137. Christensen H150
  138. Christophi CA151
  139. Chuang TW153
  140. Chugh SS154
  141. Cirillo M155
  142. Coates MM1
  143. Coffeng LE1
  144. Coggeshall MS1
  145. Cohen A156
  146. Colistro V40
  147. Colquhoun SM29
  148. Colomar M157
  149. Cooper LT159
  150. Cooper C158
  151. Coppola LM160
  152. Cortinovis M92
  153. Cowie BC161
  154. Criqui MH162
  155. Crump JA163
  156. Cuevasnasu L6
  157. Da Costa Leite I165
  158. Dabhadkar KC44
  159. Dandona L1, 166
  160. Dandona R166, 167
  161. Dansereau E1
  162. Dargan PI169
  163. Dayama A170
  164. De La Cruzgongora V6
  165. De La Vega SF171
  166. De Leo D173
  167. Degenhardt L112
  168. Del Pozocruz B81
  169. Dellavalle RP175
  170. Deribe K98
  171. Des Jarlais DC176
  172. Dessalegn M177
  173. De Veber GA178
  174. Dharmaratne SD179
  175. Dherani M180
  176. Diazortega JL6
  177. Diaztorne C181
  178. Dicker D1
  179. Ding EL126
  180. Dokova K182
  181. Dorsey ER183
  182. Driscoll TR106
  183. Duan L9
  184. Duber HC1
  185. Durrani AM184
  186. Ebel BE5
  187. Edmond KM186
  188. Ellenbogen RG2
  189. Elshrek Y187
  190. Ermakov SP188
  191. Erskine HE140
  192. Eshrati B189
  193. Esteghamati A190
  194. Estep K1
  195. Furst T197
  196. Fahimi S126
  197. Fahrion AS201
  198. Faraon EJA67
  199. Farzadfar F191
  200. Fay DFJ7
  201. Feigl AB127
  202. Feigin VL79
  203. Felicio MM204
  204. Fereshtehnejad SM48
  205. Fernandes JG205
  206. Ferrari AJ140
  207. Fleming TD1
  208. Foigt N206
  209. Foreman K199
  210. Forouzanfar MH1
  211. Fowkes FGR53
  212. Fra Paleo U32
  213. Franklin RC207
  214. Futran ND5
  215. Gaffikin L87
  216. Gambashidze K208
  217. Gankpe FG209
  218. Garciaguerra FA6
  219. Garcia AC210
  220. Geleijnse JM211
  221. Gessner BD212
  222. Gibney KB214
  223. Gillum RF215
  224. Gilmour S218
  225. Ginawi IAM219
  226. Giroud M220
  227. Glaser EL221
  228. Goenka S166, 167
  229. Gomez Dantes H6
  230. Gona P123
  231. Gonzalezmedina D1
  232. Guinovart C225
  233. Gupta R227
  234. Gupta R227
  235. Gosselin RA222
  236. Gotay CC117
  237. Goto A223
  238. Gouda HN140
  239. Graetz N1
  240. Gugnani HC224
  241. Gunnell D226
  242. Gutierrez RA95
  243. Haagsma J1
  244. Hafezinejad N190
  245. Hagan H230
  246. Hagstromer M51
  247. Halasa YA221
  248. Hamadeh RR231
  249. Hamavid H1
  250. Hammami M232
  251. Hancock J1
  252. Hankey GJ185
  253. Hansen GM1
  254. Harb HL65
  255. Harewood H233
  256. Haro JM234
  257. Havmoeller R51
  258. Hay RJ235
  259. Hay SI45
  260. Hedayati MT236
  261. Heredia Pi IB6
  262. Heuton KR1
  263. Heydarpour P196
  264. Higashi H1
  265. Hijar M237
  266. Hoek HW238
  267. Hoffman HJ239
  268. Hornberger JC240
  269. Hosgood HD241
  270. Hossain M242
  271. Hotez PJ243
  272. Hoy DG138, 244, 245
  273. Hsairi M246
  274. Hu G248
  275. Huang JJ94
  276. Huffman MD249
  277. Hughes AJ8
  278. Husseini A251, 252
  279. Huynh C1
  280. Iannarone M1
  281. Iburg KM253
  282. Idrisov BT221
  283. Ikeda N254
  284. Innos K255
  285. Inoue M216
  286. Islami F256
  287. Ismayilova S258
  288. Jacobsen KH259
  289. Jassal S162, 260
  290. Jayaraman SP261
  291. Jensen PN5
  292. Jha V100
  293. Jiang G262
  294. Jiang Y263
  295. Jonas JB264
  296. Joseph J1
  297. Juel K265
  298. Kabagambe EK266
  299. Kan H144
  300. Karch A268, 269
  301. Karimkhani C270
  302. Karthikeyan G272
  303. Kassebaum N1, 3
  304. Kaul A273
  305. Kawakami N217
  306. Kazanjan K208
  307. Kazi DS222
  308. Kemp AH96
  309. Kengne AP274
  310. Keren A275
  311. Kereselidze M208
  312. Khader YS276
  313. Khalifa SEAH277
  314. Khan EA278
  315. Khan G279
  316. Khang YH280
  317. Kieling C281
  318. Kinfu Y284
  319. Kinge JM13
  320. Kim D282
  321. Kim S283
  322. Kivipelto M49
  323. Knibbs L140
  324. Knudsen AK12
  325. Kokubo Y285
  326. Kosen S286
  327. Kotagal M5
  328. Kravchenko MA288
  329. Krishnaswami S289
  330. Krueger H116
  331. Kuate Defo B290
  332. Kuipers EJ291
  333. Kucuk Bicer B15
  334. Kulkarni C293
  335. Kulkarni VS294
  336. Kumar K295
  337. Kumar RB168
  338. Kwan GF296
  339. Kyu H1
  340. Lai T297
  341. Lakshmana Balaji A29
  342. Lalloo R298, 299
  343. Lallukka T300, 301
  344. Lam H172
  345. Lan Q302
  346. Lansingh VC303
  347. Larson HJ242
  348. Larsson A33
  349. Lavados PM304
  350. Lawrynowicz AEB305
  351. Leasher JL306
  352. Lee JT307
  353. Leigh J107
  354. Leinsalu M255
  355. Leung R308
  356. Levitz C1
  357. Li B310
  358. Li Y9
  359. Li Y9
  360. Liddell C1
  361. De Lima GMF204
  362. Lind ML1
  363. Lipshultz SE312
  364. Liu S9
  365. Liu Y44
  366. Lloyd BK213, 313
  367. Lofgren KT1
  368. Logroscino G314
  369. London SJ146
  370. Lortettieulent J257
  371. Lotufo PA97
  372. Lucas RM315
  373. Lunevicius R316
  374. Lyons RA317
  375. Ma S318
  376. Machado VMP204
  377. Macintyre MF1
  378. Mackay MT319
  379. Maclachlan JH161
  380. Magisrodriguez C320
  381. Mahdi AA321
  382. Majdan M119
  383. Malekzadeh R192
  384. Mangalam S322
  385. Mapoma CC323
  386. Marape M324
  387. Marcenes W325
  388. Margono C1
  389. Marks GB105
  390. Marzan MB326
  391. Masci JR327
  392. Mashal MT328
  393. Masiye F323
  394. Masonjones AJ329
  395. Matzopolous R274
  396. Mayosi BM331
  397. Mazorodze TT332
  398. Mcgrath JJ140
  399. Mckay AC333
  400. Mckee M242
  401. Mclain A1
  402. Mehndiratta MM334
  403. Mejiarodriguez F6
  404. Melaku YA19
  405. Meltzer M335
  406. Memish ZA52
  407. Mendoza W336
  408. Mensah GA337
  409. Mhimbira FA338
  410. Miller TR339, 340
  411. Mills EJ341
  412. Mishra SK342
  413. Mock CN5
  414. Moffitt TE343
  415. Mohamed Ibrahim N344
  416. Mohammad KA345
  417. Mokdad AH1
  418. Mola GL346
  419. Monasta L347
  420. Monis JDLC348
  421. Montanez Hernandez JC6
  422. Montico M347
  423. Montine TJ5
  424. Mooney MD1
  425. Moore AR349
  426. Moradilakeh M1, 195
  427. Moran AE271
  428. Mori R350
  429. Moschandreas J352
  430. Moturi WN353
  431. Moyer ML1
  432. Mozaffarian D354
  433. Mueller UO355
  434. Mukaigawara M356
  435. Mullany EC1
  436. Murray J149
  437. Mustapha A198
  438. Naghavi P1
  439. Naheed A357
  440. Naidoo KS358
  441. Naldi L359
  442. Nand D360
  443. Nangia V361
  444. Narayan KMV44
  445. Nash D362
  446. Nasher J363
  447. Nejjari C364
  448. Nelson RG365
  449. Neuhouser M366
  450. Neupane SP367
  451. Newcomb PA366
  452. Newman L202
  453. Ng M1
  454. Ngalesoni FN368
  455. Nguyen G1
  456. Nguyen NTT124
  457. Nisar MI102
  458. Nolte S54
  459. Norheim OF14
  460. Norman RE141
  461. Norrving B369
  462. Nyakarahuka L35
  463. Odell S1
  464. Odonnell M370
  465. Ohkubo T371
  466. Ohno SL1
  467. Olusanya BO372
  468. Omer SB44
  469. Opio JN373
  470. Orisakwe OE374
  471. Ortblad KF1
  472. Ortiz A375
  473. Otayza MLK376
  474. Pain AW1
  475. Pandian JD377
  476. Panelo CI67
  477. Panniyammakal J378
  478. Papachristou C54
  479. Paternina Caicedo AJ56
  480. Patten SB379
  481. Patton GC29
  482. Paul VK272
  483. Pavlin B380
  484. Pearce N242
  485. Pellegrini CA5
  486. Pereira DM381
  487. Peresson SC382
  488. Perezpadilla R6
  489. Perezruiz FP383
  490. Perico N92
  491. Pervaiz A384
  492. Pesudovs K385
  493. Peterson CB386
  494. Petzold M387
  495. Phillips BK1
  496. Phillips DE1
  497. Phillips MR44, 388
  498. Plass D389
  499. Piel FB45
  500. Poenaru D390
  501. Polinder S291
  502. Popova S391
  503. Poulton RG164
  504. Pourmalek F117
  505. Prabhakaran D378
  506. Qato D392
  507. Quezada AD6
  508. Quistberg DA5
  509. Rabito F394
  510. Rafay A395
  511. Rahimi K45
  512. Rahimimovaghar V193
  513. Rahman SUR396
  514. Raju M397
  515. Rakovac I201
  516. Rana SM398, 399
  517. Refaat A400
  518. Remuzzi G92
  519. Ribeiro AL401
  520. Ricci S402
  521. Riccio PM403
  522. Richardson L1
  523. Richardus JH292
  524. Roberts B242
  525. Roberts DA1
  526. Robinson M1
  527. Roca A404
  528. Rodriguez A199
  529. Rojasrueda D405
  530. Ronfani L347
  531. Room R313
  532. Roth GA1
  533. Rothenbacher D406
  534. Rothstein DH407
  535. Roy N408
  536. Ruhago GM409
  537. Rushton L199
  538. Sambandam S78
  539. Soreide K411
  540. Saeedi MY52
  541. Saha S412
  542. Sahathevan R413
  543. Sahraian MA194
  544. Sahle BW19
  545. Salomon JA127
  546. Salvo D6
  547. Samonte GMJ414
  548. Sampson U266
  549. Sanabria JR415
  550. Sandar L1
  551. Santos IS97
  552. Satpathy M112
  553. Sawhney M416
  554. Saylan M417
  555. Scarborough P45
  556. Schottker B418
  557. Schmidt JC7
  558. Schneider IJC419
  559. Schumacher AE1
  560. Schwebel DC420
  561. Scott JG139
  562. Sepanlou SG192
  563. Servanmori EE6
  564. Shackelford K1
  565. Shaheen A421
  566. Shahraz S221
  567. Shakhnazarova M208
  568. Shangguan S126
  569. She J143
  570. Sheikhbahaei S190
  571. Shepard DS221
  572. Shibuya K218
  573. Shinohara Y422
  574. Shishani K423
  575. Shiue I424
  576. Shivakoti R425
  577. Shrime MG127
  578. Sigfusdottir ID427
  579. Silberberg DH23
  580. Silva AP305
  581. Simard EP43
  582. Sindi S51
  583. Singh JA420
  584. Singh L1
  585. Sioson E1
  586. Skirbekk V13
  587. Sliwa K330
  588. So S86
  589. Soljak M199
  590. Soneji S428
  591. Soshnikov SS429
  592. Sposato LA430
  593. Sreeramareddy CT431
  594. Stanaway JD1
  595. Stathopoulou VK432
  596. Steenland K43
  597. Stein C200
  598. Steiner C1
  599. Stevens A1
  600. Stockl H242
  601. Straif K433
  602. Stroumpoulis K434, 435
  603. Sturua L208
  604. Sunguya BF409
  605. Swaminathan S436
  606. Swaroop M250
  607. Sykes BL437
  608. Tabb KM393
  609. Takahashi K438
  610. Talongwa RT439
  611. Tan F10
  612. Tanne D440
  613. Tanner M63, 64
  614. Tavakkoli M441
  615. Te Ao B442
  616. Teixeira CM203
  617. Templin T1
  618. Tenkorang EY444
  619. Terkawi AS445, 446
  620. Thomas BA1
  621. Thornelyman AL447, 448
  622. Thrift AG214
  623. Thurston GD229
  624. Tillmann T242
  625. Tirschwell DL4
  626. Tleyjeh IM159, 446, 449
  627. Tonelli M450
  628. Topouzis F451
  629. Towbin JA452
  630. Toyoshima H453
  631. Traebert J454
  632. Tran BX426
  633. Truelsen T455
  634. Trujillo U456
  635. Trillini M92
  636. Tsala Dimbuene Z457
  637. Tsilimbaris M351
  638. Ubeda C305
  639. Uchendu US174
  640. Ukwaja KN458
  641. Undurraga EA221
  642. Vallely AJ111
  643. Van De Vijver S459
  644. Van Gool CH460
  645. Varakin YY288
  646. Vasankari TJ461
  647. Vasconcelos AMN462
  648. Vavilala MS5
  649. Venketasubramanian N463
  650. Vijayakumar L464
  651. Villalpando S6
  652. Violante FS465
  653. Vlassov VV466
  654. Wagner GR467
  655. Waller SG468
  656. Wang JL379
  657. Wang L9
  658. Wang Y469
  659. Warouw TS287
  660. Weichenthal S470
  661. Weiderpass E50
  662. Weintraub RG29, 471
  663. Wenzhi W472
  664. Werdecker A473
  665. Wessells KRR475
  666. Westerman R474
  667. Whiteford HA140
  668. Wilkinson JD476
  669. Williams TN199
  670. Woldeyohannes SM477
  671. Wolock TM1
  672. Woolf AD479
  673. Wong JQ478
  674. Wright JL2
  675. Wulf S1
  676. Wurtz B1
  677. Xu G480
  678. Yang YC481
  679. Yano Y482
  680. Yatsuya H483
  681. Yip P484
  682. Yonemoto N485
  683. Yoon SJ307
  684. Younis M486
  685. Yu C487
  686. Yun Jin K488
  687. Zaki MES489
  688. Zamakhshary MF490
  689. Zeeb H491
  690. Zhang Y309
  691. Zhao Y492
  692. Zheng Y493
  693. Zhu J469
  694. Zhu S494
  695. Zonies D495
  696. Zou XN496
  697. Zunt JR5
  698. Vos T1
  699. Lopez AD1, 29
  700. Murray CJL1
  701. Alcalacerra G39
  702. Hu H247
  703. Karam N267
  704. Sabin N410
  705. Temesgen AM443
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue, Seattle, 98121, WA, United States
  2. 2. School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. National Institute of Public Health Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  7. 7. Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Oxford, United Kingdom
  9. 9. National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  10. 10. National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Beijing, China
  11. 11. China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  12. 12. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
  13. 13. Oslo, Norway
  14. 14. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  15. 15. Hacettepe University, Institute of Population Studies, Ankara, Turkey
  16. 16. Sudanese Public Health Consultancy Group, Solihull, United Kingdom
  17. 17. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt
  18. 18. Public Health Institute, Khartoum, Sudan
  19. 19. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
  20. 20. Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, Limoges, France
  21. 21. Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (HiOA), Oslo, Norway
  22. 22. University of Texas School of Medicine San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
  23. 23. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  24. 24. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  25. 25. Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
  26. 26. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeti University, Ramallah, Palestine
  27. 27. Public Health Promotion Alliance, Osogbp, Nigeria
  28. 28. Beneral Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  29. 29. Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  30. 30. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
  31. 31. Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-Etre Familial, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  32. 32. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
  33. 33. Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  34. 34. Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  35. 35. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
  36. 36. Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  37. 37. Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  38. 38. Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  39. 39. Grupo de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud y Neurociencias (CISNEURO), Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia
  40. 40. Universidad de la Republica, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, Montevideo, Uruguay
  41. 41. Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia
  42. 42. National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  43. 43. Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States
  44. 44. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  45. 45. University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  46. 46. School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
  47. 47. Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
  48. 48. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden
  49. 49. Aging Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
  50. 50. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden
  51. 51. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  52. 52. Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  53. 53. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  54. 54. Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  55. 55. Government, Madrid, Spain
  56. 56. Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  57. 57. Albany State University, Albany, GA, United States
  58. 58. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  59. 59. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  60. 60. Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  61. 61. Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
  62. 62. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland
  63. 63. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  64. 64. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  65. 65. Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
  66. 66. St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  67. 67. College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  68. 68. UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan
  69. 69. University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
  70. 70. Evidera Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
  71. 71. Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan
  72. 72. South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan
  73. 73. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
  74. 74. Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Castries, St. Lucia, Australia
  75. 75. Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  76. 76. INECO Neurociencias, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
  77. 77. Ministry of Health, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
  78. 78. Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  79. 79. National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland, New Zealand
  80. 80. School of Psychology, Auckland, New Zealand
  81. 81. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  82. 82. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  83. 83. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  84. 84. Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
  85. 85. School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
  86. 86. Asian Liver Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  87. 87. School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
  88. 88. Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  89. 89. Oxford University, Ho Hi Minh City, United Kingdom
  90. 90. College of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  91. 91. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
  92. 92. IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
  93. 93. Madawalabu University, Ethiopia, Bale Goba, Oromia, Ethiopia
  94. 94. Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  95. 95. National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
  96. 96. Hospital Universitario, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  97. 97. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  98. 98. Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
  99. 99. Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
  100. 100. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, UT, India
  101. 101. Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
  102. 102. Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  103. 103. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
  104. 104. University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
  105. 105. Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  106. 106. Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  107. 107. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  108. 108. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria, Mexico, Mexico
  109. 109. World Bank, Washington DC, DC, United States
  110. 110. Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  111. 111. Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  112. 112. University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  113. 113. Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  114. 114. Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
  115. 115. Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
  116. 116. School of Population and Public Health, BC, Canada
  117. 117. University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
  118. 118. Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  119. 119. Trnava University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava, Slovakia
  120. 120. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  121. 121. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
  122. 122. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  123. 123. University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
  124. 124. Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  125. 125. Harvard Medical School, London, United Kingdom
  126. 126. Harvard School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
  127. 127. Harvard University, London, United States
  128. 128. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
  129. 129. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico, DF, Mexico
  130. 130. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  131. 131. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Subiaco, WA, Australia
  132. 132. University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  133. 133. Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  134. 134. Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia
  135. 135. Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
  136. 136. Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain
  137. 137. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  138. 138. School of Population Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  139. 139. University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  140. 140. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  141. 141. Herston, QLD, Australia
  142. 142. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  143. 143. Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
  144. 144. Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  145. 145. CTSU, Nuffield Dept. of Population Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
  146. 146. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
  147. 147. Institute of Bone and Joint Research, St. Laonards, NSW, Australia
  148. 148. Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka ken, Japan
  149. 149. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  150. 150. Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
  151. 151. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
  152. 152. Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  153. 153. Center for International Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  154. 154. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  155. 155. University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
  156. 156. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
  157. 157. UNICEM, Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
  158. 158. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
  159. 159. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  160. 160. Hospital Municipal Ramon Santamarina, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  161. 161. Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  162. 162. University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  163. 163. Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
  164. 164. University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
  165. 165. National School of Public Health (ENSP/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  166. 166. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  167. 167. Indian Institute of Public Health, New Delhi, Delhi, India
  168. 168. Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
  169. 169. Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  170. 170. Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
  171. 171. Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  172. 172. Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
  173. 173. Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  174. 174. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
  175. 175. Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, United States
  176. 176. Beth Israel Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
  177. 177. Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  178. 178. Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  179. 179. University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  180. 180. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
  181. 181. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  182. 182. Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
  183. 183. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
  184. 184. National Institutes of Health, Montgomery Village, MD, United States
  185. 185. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, WA, Australia
  186. 186. University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  187. 187. Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  188. 188. Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  189. 189. Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Markazi, Iran
  190. 190. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  191. 191. Non-Communicable Diseasese Reesearch Center, Tehran, Iran
  192. 192. Digestive Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  193. 193. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  194. 194. MS Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  195. 195. Department of Community Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  196. 196. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  197. 197. Centre for Health Policy, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London, United Kingdom
  198. 198. MRC-PHE Centre for Health and Environment, London, United Kingdom
  199. 199. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  200. 200. Division of Information, Evidence, Research and Innovation, Copenhagen, Denmark
  201. 201. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
  202. 202. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
  203. 203. ARS Norte, Porto, Portugal
  204. 204. I.P. - Departamento Saude Publica, Porto, Portugal
  205. 205. German Hospital Oswaldo Cruz, Institute of Education and Sciences, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  206. 206. Institute of Gerontology, Acad. Med. Sci., Kyiv, Ukraine
  207. 207. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  208. 208. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
  209. 209. Clinique Cooperative de Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin
  210. 210. Public Health Unit of Primary Health Care Group of Almada-Seixal, Almada, Setubal, Portugal
  211. 211. Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
  212. 212. Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France
  213. 213. Eastern Health Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  214. 214. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  215. 215. Howard University, Washington DC, DC, United States
  216. 216. Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  217. 217. School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
  218. 218. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  219. 219. University of Hail, College of Medicine, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  220. 220. University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon France, Region of Burgondy, France
  221. 221. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
  222. 222. University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  223. 223. Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  224. 224. Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles
  225. 225. PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
  226. 226. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  227. 227. Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  228. 228. Kanawha Charleston Health Department, Charleston, WV, United States
  229. 229. Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, United States
  230. 230. New York University, New York, NY, United States
  231. 231. Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  232. 232. Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States
  233. 233. Eunice Gibson Polyclinic, Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados
  234. 234. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
  235. 235. International Foundation for Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
  236. 236. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
  237. 237. Fundacion Entornos AC, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
  238. 238. Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
  239. 239. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  240. 240. Cedar Asociates, Menlo Park, CA, United States
  241. 241. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
  242. 242. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  243. 243. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  244. 244. Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia
  245. 245. Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Herston, QLD, Australia
  246. 246. National Institute of Public Health (MOH), Tunis, Tunisia
  247. 247. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  248. 248. Central South University, Changsha, China
  249. 249. Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
  250. 250. Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  251. 251. Public Health Program, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  252. 252. Public Health Program, Birzeit, Ramallah, Palestine
  253. 253. Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
  254. 254. National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
  255. 255. National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
  256. 256. American Cancer Society, New York, NY, United States
  257. 257. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
  258. 258. Baku, Azerbaijan
  259. 259. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
  260. 260. VA San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
  261. 261. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  262. 262. Tianjin Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
  263. 263. Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
  264. 264. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
  265. 265. National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
  266. 266. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
  267. 267. University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
  268. 268. Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
  269. 269. German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany
  270. 270. College of Phys. and Surg., New York, NY, United States
  271. 271. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
  272. 272. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  273. 273. Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
  274. 274. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
  275. 275. Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
  276. 276. Jordan University of Science and Technology, AlRamtha, Irbid, Jordan
  277. 277. Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar
  278. 278. Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
  279. 279. UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  280. 280. Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  281. 281. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
  282. 282. Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
  283. 283. Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
  284. 284. University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  285. 285. Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
  286. 286. Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy and Humanities, Jakarta, Special Province of Jakarta, Indonesia
  287. 287. NIHRD, Jakarta, Special Province of Jakarta, Indonesia
  288. 288. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  289. 289. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  290. 290. University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  291. 291. Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  292. 292. Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  293. 293. Rajrajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
  294. 294. Arkansas State University, AR, United States
  295. 295. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  296. 296. Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
  297. 297. Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia
  298. 298. Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health (ARCPOH), Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  299. 299. School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  300. 300. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu, Helsinki, Finland
  301. 301. Medical Faculty, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
  302. 302. National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
  303. 303. IAPB and Vision 2020 LA, Weston, FL, United States
  304. 304. Servicio de Neurologia, Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, RM, Chile
  305. 305. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia Dr. Juan H. Jara, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  306. 306. Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  307. 307. Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  308. 308. SUNY-Albany, Rensselaer, NY, United States
  309. 309. Department of Gerontology, Jinan, Shandong, China
  310. 310. Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
  311. 311. Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
  312. 312. Wayne State University, Miami, FL, United States
  313. 313. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
  314. 314. University of Bari, Bari, Italy
  315. 315. Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  316. 316. Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  317. 317. Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
  318. 318. Ministry of Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  319. 319. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, VIC, Australia
  320. 320. Centro para la Prevencion y el Control del VIH/SIDA, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
  321. 321. King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
  322. 322. Technical Standards and Safety Authority, Toronto, ON, Canada
  323. 323. University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
  324. 324. Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
  325. 325. Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
  326. 326. University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Center, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
  327. 327. Elmhurst Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Services, Elmhurst, NY, United States
  328. 328. Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
  329. 329. University of York, York, United Kingdom
  330. 330. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
  331. 331. University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
  332. 332. AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
  333. 333. EmergentCorp, Belize City, Belize District, Belize
  334. 334. Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
  335. 335. Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  336. 336. UNFPA, Lima, Peru
  337. 337. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science (CTRIS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  338. 338. Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  339. 339. Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  340. 340. Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
  341. 341. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  342. 342. Population Education Resource Centre (PERC), Department of Continuing and Adult Education and Extension Work, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  343. 343. Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  344. 344. Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  345. 345. University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq
  346. 346. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea
  347. 347. Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
  348. 348. Bureau of International Health Cooperation, Manila City, Philippines
  349. 349. University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
  350. 350. National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
  351. 351. Department of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
  352. 352. University of Crete, Crete, Greece
  353. 353. Egerton University, Rift Valley, Egerton, Kenya
  354. 354. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
  355. 355. Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
  356. 356. Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  357. 357. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  358. 358. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  359. 359. Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
  360. 360. Ministry of Health Fiji, Suva, Fiji
  361. 361. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
  362. 362. School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
  363. 363. Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
  364. 364. Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco
  365. 365. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, United States
  366. 366. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
  367. 367. Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway
  368. 368. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  369. 369. Department of Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  370. 370. National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
  371. 371. Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  372. 372. Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria
  373. 373. Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Uganda
  374. 374. Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
  375. 375. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  376. 376. Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
  377. 377. Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India
  378. 378. Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India
  379. 379. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  380. 380. Port Moresby, Waigani, NCD, Papua New Guinea
  381. 381. REQUIMTE/Laboratorio de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Farmacia, Porto, Portugal
  382. 382. International Diabetes Federation, Belgium
  383. 383. Hospital Universitario Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
  384. 384. Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
  385. 385. Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  386. 386. Aalborg University, Aalborg Ost, Denmark
  387. 387. Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  388. 388. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  389. 389. Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Federal Environment Agency, Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
  390. 390. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  391. 391. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
  392. 392. College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, United States
  393. 393. University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
  394. 394. Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
  395. 395. Contech Intl., Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
  396. 396. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  397. 397. University of Missouri, Columbia, MS, United States
  398. 398. Department of Public Health, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  399. 399. Department of Public Health, University of the Punjab, Punjab, India
  400. 400. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  401. 401. Hospital das Clinica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  402. 402. UO Neurologia USL Umbria 1, Citta di Castello, Perugia, Italy
  403. 403. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
  404. 404. MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia
  405. 405. Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
  406. 406. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
  407. 407. Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  408. 408. BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  409. 409. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  410. 410. Rwanda Bio-Medical Center, Kigali, Rwanda
  411. 411. Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
  412. 412. Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  413. 413. UKM Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  414. 414. National HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance and Strategic Information Unit, National Epidemiology Center, Department of Health, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines
  415. 415. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  416. 416. Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  417. 417. Novartis, Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
  418. 418. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
  419. 419. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
  420. 420. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  421. 421. An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
  422. 422. Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
  423. 423. Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
  424. 424. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  425. 425. Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Baltimore, MD, United States
  426. 426. Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  427. 427. Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
  428. 428. Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
  429. 429. Fed. Res. Inst. for Hlth. Org. and Info. of Min. of Hlth. of the Russ. Fed., Moscow, Russian Federation
  430. 430. Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada
  431. 431. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
  432. 432. Centre Hospitalier Nord Deux-Sevres, Bressuire, France
  433. 433. IARC/WHO, Lyon, France
  434. 434. KEELPNO, Centre for Disease Control, Greece
  435. 435. Alexandra General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
  436. 436. National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  437. 437. Department of Criminology, Law and Society (and Sociology), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
  438. 438. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
  439. 439. Ministry of Health - MINSANTE, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon
  440. 440. Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
  441. 441. Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States
  442. 442. Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  443. 443. Jhpiego, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  444. 444. Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
  445. 445. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
  446. 446. Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  447. 447. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
  448. 448. WorldFish, New York, NY, United States
  449. 449. Alfasial University, College Of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  450. 450. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  451. 451. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  452. 452. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
  453. 453. Health Care Center of Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
  454. 454. University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoca, Santa Catarina, Brazil
  455. 455. Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
  456. 456. Servicio Canario de Salud, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
  457. 457. Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
  458. 458. Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakailiki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
  459. 459. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  460. 460. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
  461. 461. UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
  462. 462. Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Distrito Federal - DF, Brazil
  463. 463. Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  464. 464. Voluntary Health Services, Sneha, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  465. 465. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  466. 466. Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  467. 467. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, United States
  468. 468. Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
  469. 469. National Office for Maternal and Child's Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China
  470. 470. Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  471. 471. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  472. 472. Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
  473. 473. Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Germany
  474. 474. Marburg, Hessen, Germany
  475. 475. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
  476. 476. University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
  477. 477. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia
  478. 478. Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines
  479. 479. Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
  480. 480. Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
  481. 481. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  482. 482. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
  483. 483. Fujita Health Univeristy, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
  484. 484. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  485. 485. National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Tokyo, Japan
  486. 486. Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States
  487. 487. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University Global Health Institute, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  488. 488. TCM Medical TK SDN BHD, Nusajaya, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  489. 489. Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
  490. 490. Ministry for Planning and Training, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  491. 491. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
  492. 492. Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
  493. 493. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  494. 494. Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  495. 495. Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, Landstuhl, United States
  496. 496. Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China

Source: The Lancet Published:2015


Abstract

Background Up-to-date evidence on levels and trends for age-sex-specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality is essential for the formation of global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) we estimated yearly deaths for 188 countries between 1990, and 2013. We used the results to assess whether there is epidemiological convergence across countries. Methods We estimated age-sex-specific all-cause mortality using the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data. We generally estimated cause of death as in the GBD 2010. Key improvements included the addition of more recent vital registration data for 72 countries, an updated verbal autopsy literature review, two new and detailed data systems for China, and more detail for Mexico, UK, Turkey, and Russia. We improved statistical models for garbage code redistribution. We used six different modelling strategies across the 240 causes; cause of death ensemble modelling (CODEm) was the dominant strategy for causes with sufficient information. Trends for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias were informed by meta-regression of prevalence studies. For pathogen-specific causes of diarrhoea and lower respiratory infections we used a counterfactual approach. We computed two measures of convergence (inequality) across countries: the average relative difference across all pairs of countries (Gini coefficient) and the average absolute difference across countries. To summarise broad findings, we used multiple decrement life-tables to decompose probabilities of death from birth to exact age 15 years, from exact age 15 years to exact age 50 years, and from exact age 50 years to exact age 75 years, and life expectancy at birth into major causes. For all quantities reported, we computed 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We constrained cause-specific fractions within each age-sex-country-year group to sum to all-cause mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings Global life expectancy for both sexes increased from 65·3 years (UI 65·0-65·6) in 1990, to 71·5 years (UI 71·0-71·9) in 2013, while the number of deaths increased from 47·5 million (UI 46·8-48·2) to 54·9 million (UI 53·6-56·3) over the same interval. Global progress masked variation by age and sex: for children, average absolute differences between countries decreased but relative differences increased. For women aged 25-39 years and older than 75 years and for men aged 20-49 years and 65 years and older, both absolute and relative differences increased. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the prominent role of reductions in age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases and cancers in high-income regions, and reductions in child deaths from diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and neonatal causes in low-income regions. HIV/AIDS reduced life expectancy in southern sub-Saharan Africa. For most communicable causes of death both numbers of deaths and age-standardised death rates fell whereas for most non-communicable causes, demographic shifts have increased numbers of deaths but decreased age-standardised death rates. Global deaths from injury increased by 10·7%, from 4·3 million deaths in 1990 to 4·8 million in 2013; but age-standardised rates declined over the same period by 21%. For some causes of more than 100 000 deaths per year in 2013, age-standardised death rates increased between 1990 and 2013, including HIV/AIDS, pancreatic cancer, atrial fibrillation and flutter, drug use disorders, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and sickle-cell anaemias. Diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, neonatal causes, and malaria are still in the top five causes of death in children younger than 5 years. The most important pathogens are rotavirus for diarrhoea and pneumococcus for lower respiratory infections. Country-specific probabilities of death over three phases of life were substantially varied between and within regions. Interpretation For most countries, the general pattern of reductions in age-sex specific mortality has been associated with a progressive shift towards a larger share of the remaining deaths caused by non-communicable disease and injuries. Assessing epidemiological convergence across countries depends on whether an absolute or relative measure of inequality is used. Nevertheless, age-standardised death rates for seven substantial causes are increasing, suggesting the potential for reversals in some countries. Important gaps exist in the empirical data for cause of death estimates for some countries; for example, no national data for India are available for the past decade. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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