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Covid-19 Transmission, Vulnerability, Persistence and Nanotherapy: A Review Publisher



Khan AH1 ; Tirth V2 ; Fawzy M3 ; Mahmoud AED3 ; Khan NA4 ; Ahmed S4 ; Ali SS5 ; Akram M6 ; Hameed L12 ; Islam S7 ; Das G8 ; Roy S9 ; Dehghani MH10, 11
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Civil Engineering Department, Jazan University, Jazan, 114, Saudi Arabia
  2. 2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
  3. 3. Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt
  4. 4. Civil Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India
  5. 5. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, 114, Saudi Arabia
  6. 6. Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  7. 7. Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
  8. 8. Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
  9. 9. Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, CA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan

Source: Environmental Chemistry Letters Published:2021


Abstract

End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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