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Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, and As) in Cocoa Powder (Theobroma Cacao) in Tehran, Iran Market Publisher Pubmed



Mohamadi S1 ; Mahmudiono T2 ; Zienali T3 ; Sadighara P4 ; Omidi B5 ; Limam I6 ; Fakhri Y7
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-kord University, Shahre-kord, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  3. 3. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Asa laboratory, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet, High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
  7. 7. Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

Source: International Journal of Environmental Health Research Published:2024


Abstract

The concentrations of toxic elements were analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). Moreover, the human health risk was estimated by Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) in Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cd (0.08 ± 0.08), Pb (0.23 ± 0.46), and As (0.06 ± 0.04), were in a good compliance with ISO (Iranian standard organization). TTHQ for adults and children was equal to 0.009 and 0.042, respectively and also mean CR in adults and children consumers was equal to 9.73E–7 and 9.08E–7, respectively. Consequently, the concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Pb, and As) in cocoa powder did not pose any safety concerns. Moreover, probabilistic health risk assessment revealed that both adults and children were not at considerable non-carcinogenic (THQ and/or TTHQ ≤ 1) and carcinogenic risk (CR ≤ 1E–6). Even though, seeking for mitigating solutions and applying them to suppress the dangers of food containing toxic elements is a critical subject. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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