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Trends in Adult Body-Mass Index in 200 Countries From 1975 to 2014: A Pooled Analysis of 1698 Population-Based Measurement Studies With 19.2 Million Participants Publisher Pubmed



Di Cesare M1, 2 ; Bentham J1 ; Stevens GA3 ; Zhou B1 ; Danaei G4 ; Lu Y4 ; Bixby H1 ; Cowan MJ3 ; Riley LM3 ; Hajifathalian K4 ; Fortunato L1 ; Taddei C5 ; Bennett JE1 ; Ikeda N6 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Di Cesare M1, 2
  2. Bentham J1
  3. Stevens GA3
  4. Zhou B1
  5. Danaei G4
  6. Lu Y4
  7. Bixby H1
  8. Cowan MJ3
  9. Riley LM3
  10. Hajifathalian K4
  11. Fortunato L1
  12. Taddei C5
  13. Bennett JE1
  14. Ikeda N6
  15. Khang YH7
  16. Kyobutungi C8
  17. Laxmaiah A9
  18. Li Y4
  19. Lin HH10
  20. Miranda JJ11
  21. Mostafa A12
  22. Turley ML13
  23. Paciorek CJ14
  24. Gunter M1
  25. Ezzati M1
  26. Abdeen ZA15
  27. Hamid ZA16
  28. Aburmeileh NM17
  29. Acostacazares B18
  30. Adams R19
  31. Aekplakorn W20
  32. Aguilarsalinas CA21
  33. Ahmadvand A22
  34. Ahrens W23
  35. Ali MM24
  36. Alkerwi A25
  37. Alvarezpedrerol M26
  38. Aly E24
  39. Amouyel P27
  40. Amuzu A28
  41. Andersen LB29
  42. Anderssen SA30
  43. Andrade DS31
  44. Anjana RM32
  45. Aounallahskhiri H33
  46. Ariansen I34
  47. Aris T35
  48. Arlappa N9
  49. Arveiler D36
  50. Assah FK37
  51. Avdicova M38
  52. Azizi F39
  53. Babu BV9
  54. Balakrishna N9
  55. Bandosz P40
  56. Banegas JR41
  57. Barbagallo CM42
  58. Barcelo A43
  59. Barkat A44
  60. Barros MV45
  61. Bata I46
  62. Batieha AM47
  63. Batista RL48
  64. Baur LA49
  65. Beaglehole R50
  66. Romdhane HB51
  67. Benet M52
  68. Bernabeortiz A11
  69. Bernotiene G53
  70. Bettiol H54
  71. Bhagyalaxmi A55
  72. Bharadwaj S56
  73. Bhargava SK57
  74. Bhatti Z58
  75. Bhutta ZA58
  76. Bi H59
  77. Bi Y60
  78. Bjerregaard P29, 61
  79. Bjertness E62
  80. Bjertness MB62
  81. Bjorkelund C63
  82. Blake M64
  83. Blokstra A65
  84. Bo S66
  85. Bobak M67
  86. Boddy LM68
  87. Boehm BO69
  88. Boeing H70
  89. Boissonnet CP71
  90. Bongard V72
  91. Bovet P73, 74
  92. Braeckman L75
  93. Bragt MCE76
  94. Brajkovich I77
  95. Branca F3
  96. Breckenkamp J78
  97. Brenner H79
  98. Brewster LM80
  99. Brian GR81
  100. Bruno G66
  101. Buenodemesquita HB65
  102. Bugge A29
  103. Burns C82
  104. De Leon AC83
  105. Cacciottolo J84
  106. Cama T85
  107. Cameron C86
  108. Camolas J87
  109. Can G88
  110. Candido APC89
  111. Capuano V90
  112. Cardoso VC54
  113. Carvalho MJ91
  114. Casanueva FF92
  115. Casas JP67
  116. Caserta CA93
  117. Castetbon K94
  118. Chamukuttan S95
  119. Chan AW96
  120. Chan Q1
  121. Chaturvedi HK97
  122. Chaturvedi N67
  123. Chen CJ98
  124. Chen F99
  125. Chen H100
  126. Chen S101
  127. Chen Z102
  128. Cheng CY96
  129. Chetrit A103
  130. Chiolero A104
  131. Chiou ST105
  132. Chiritaemandi A106
  133. Cho Y107
  134. Christensen K29
  135. Chudek J108
  136. Cifkova R109
  137. Claessens F110
  138. Clays E75
  139. Concin H111
  140. Cooper C112
  141. Cooper R67
  142. Coppinger TC82
  143. Costanzo S113
  144. Cottel D114
  145. Cowell C115
  146. Craig CL86
  147. Crujeiras AB116
  148. Darrigo G117
  149. Dorsi E118
  150. Dallongeville J114
  151. Damasceno A119
  152. Damsgaard CT120
  153. Dankner R103
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  155. De Backer G75
  156. De Bacquer D75
  157. De Gaetano G113
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  162. Dehghan A123
  163. Delisle H124
  164. Delpeuch F125
  165. Dhana K123
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  167. Diasdacosta JS126
  168. Diaz A127
  169. Djalalinia S22
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  171. Dobson AJ129
  172. Donfrancesco C130
  173. Doring A131
  174. Doua K132
  175. Drygas W133
  176. Egbagbe EE134
  177. Eggertsen R63
  178. Ekelund U30
  179. El Ati J135
  180. Elliott P1
  181. Englestone R136
  182. Erasmus RT137
  183. Erem C138
  184. Eriksen L29
  185. De La Pena JE18
  186. Evans A139
  187. Faeh D140
  188. Fall CH112
  189. Farzadfar F141
  190. Felixredondo FJ142
  191. Ferguson TS143
  192. Fernandezberges D144
  193. Ferrante D145
  194. Ferrari M146
  195. Ferreccio C147
  196. Ferrieres J72
  197. Finn JD148
  198. Fischer K149
  199. Flores EM150
  200. Foger B111
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  203. Fortmann SP153
  204. Fouad HM154
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  206. Do Carmo Franco M155
  207. Franco OH123
  208. Frontera G156
  209. Fuchs FD157
  210. Fuchs SC158
  211. Fujita Y159
  212. Furusawa T160
  213. Gaciong Z161
  214. Gafencu M106
  215. Gareta D162
  216. Garnett SP49
  217. Gaspoz JM163
  218. Gasull M164
  219. Gates L165
  220. Geleijnse JM166
  221. Ghasemian A22
  222. Giampaoli S130
  223. Gianfagna F167
  224. Giovannelli J121
  225. Giwercman A168
  226. Goldsmith RA169
  227. Gross MG170
  228. Rivas JPG171
  229. Gorbea MB172
  230. Gottrand F173
  231. Graffiversen S34
  232. Grafnetter D174
  233. Grajda A175
  234. Grammatikopoulou MG176
  235. Gregor RD46
  236. Grodzicki T177
  237. Grontved A29
  238. Gruden G66
  239. Grujic V178
  240. Gu D179
  241. Guan OP180
  242. Gudnason V181
  243. Guerrero R182
  244. Guessous I163
  245. Guimaraes AL183
  246. Gulliford MC184
  247. Gunnlaugsdottir J181
  248. Guo XH185
  249. Guo Y185
  250. Gupta PC186
  251. Gureje O187
  252. Gurzkowska B175
  253. Gutierrez L188
  254. Gutzwiller F140
  255. Halkjaer J189
  256. Hardy R67
  257. Kumar RH9
  258. Hayes AJ49
  259. He J190
  260. Hendriks ME80
  261. Cadena LH191
  262. Heshmat R141
  263. Hihtaniemi IT1
  264. Ho SY192
  265. Ho SC192
  266. Hobbs M193
  267. Hofman A123
  268. Hormiga CM194
  269. Horta BL195
  270. Houti L196
  271. Htay TT197
  272. Htet AS62
  273. Htike MMT197
  274. Hu Y198
  275. Hussieni AS17
  276. Huu CN128
  277. Huybrechts I199
  278. Hwalla N200
  279. Iacoviello L113
  280. Iannone AG90
  281. Ibrahim MM201
  282. Ikram MA123
  283. Irazola VE188
  284. Islam M58
  285. Iwasaki M202
  286. Jackson RT50
  287. Jacobs JM203
  288. Jafar T96
  289. Jamil KM204
  290. Jasienska G177
  291. Jiang CQ205
  292. Joffres M206
  293. Johansson M199
  294. Jonas JB207
  295. Jorgensen T208
  296. Joshi P209
  297. Juolevi A210
  298. Jurak G211
  299. Juresa V212
  300. Kaaks R79
  301. Kafatos A213
  302. Kalterleibovici O103
  303. Kapantais E214
  304. Kasaeian A22
  305. Katz J215
  306. Kaur P216
  307. Kavousi M123
  308. Keil U217
  309. Boker LK218
  310. Kelishadi R219
  311. Kemper HHCG220
  312. Kengne AP221
  313. Kersting M222
  314. Key T102
  315. Khader YS47
  316. Khalili D39
  317. Khaw KTH223
  318. Khouw IMSL76
  319. Kiechl S224
  320. Killewo J225
  321. Kim J226
  322. Kiyohara Y227
  323. Klimont J228
  324. Kolle E30
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  326. Korrovits P230
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  328. Kouda K159
  329. Koziel S231
  330. Kratzer W232
  331. Krokstad S233
  332. Kromhout D166
  333. Kruger HS234
  334. Kula K235
  335. Kulaga Z175
  336. Kumar RK236
  337. Kusuma YS237
  338. Kuulasmaa K210
  339. Laamiri FZ44
  340. Laatikainen T210
  341. Lachat C75
  342. Laid Y238
  343. Lam TH192
  344. Landrove O239
  345. Lanska V174
  346. Lappas G240
  347. Laugsand LE233
  348. Le Nguyen Bao K128
  349. Le TD128
  350. Leclercq C241
  351. Lee J242
  352. Lee J242
  353. Lehtimaki T243
  354. Rampal L244
  355. Leonmunoz LM41
  356. Lim WY242
  357. Limacosta MF245
  358. Lin X246
  359. Linneberg A208
  360. Lissner L63
  361. Litwin M175
  362. Liu J185
  363. Lorbeer R247
  364. Lotufo PA54
  365. Lozano JE248
  366. Luksiene D53
  367. Lundqvist A210
  368. Lunet N249
  369. Lytsy P250
  370. Ma G198
  371. Machi S251
  372. Maggi S252
  373. Magliano DJ253
  374. Makdisse M254
  375. Malekzadeh R141
  376. Malhotra R96
  377. Rao KM9
  378. Manios Y255
  379. Mann JI256
  380. Manzato E257
  381. Margozzini P147
  382. Markey O258
  383. Marquesvidal P104
  384. Marrugat J259
  385. Martinprevel Y125
  386. Martorell R260
  387. Masoodi SR261
  388. Matsha TE262
  389. Mazur A263
  390. Mbanya JCN37
  391. Mcfarlane SR143
  392. Mcgarvey ST264
  393. Mckee M28
  394. Mclachlan S265
  395. Mclean RM256
  396. Mcnulty BA266
  397. Md Yusof S267
  398. Medienebenchekor S196
  399. Meirhaeghe A268
  400. Meisinger C131
  401. Mendes LL89
  402. Menezes AMB195
  403. Mensink GBM269
  404. Meshram II9
  405. Metspalu A149
  406. Mi J99
  407. Michaelsen KF120
  408. Mikkel K149
  409. Miller JC256
  410. Miquel JF147
  411. Misigojdurakovic M212
  412. Mohamed MK12
  413. Mohammad K141
  414. Mohammadifard N270
  415. Mohan V32
  416. Yusoff MFM35
  417. Molbo D120
  418. Moller NC29
  419. Molnar D271
  420. Mondo CK272
  421. Monterrubio EA150
  422. Monyeki KDK273
  423. Moreira LB158
  424. Morejon A52
  425. Moreno LA274
  426. Morgan K275
  427. Mortensen EL120
  428. Moschonis G255
  429. Mossakowska M276
  430. Mota J91
  431. Motlagh ME277
  432. Motta J278
  433. Mu TT197
  434. Muiesan ML279
  435. Mullernurasyid M131
  436. Murphy N1
  437. Mursu J280
  438. Murtagh EM281
  439. Musa KI151
  440. Musil V212
  441. Nagel G282
  442. Nakamura H283
  443. Namesna J38
  444. Nang EEK242
  445. Nangia VB284
  446. Nankap M285
  447. Narake S186
  448. Navarretemunoz EM164
  449. Nenko I177
  450. Neovius M286
  451. Nervi F147
  452. Neuhauser HK269
  453. Nguyen ND287
  454. Nguyen QN288
  455. Nietomartinez RE289
  456. Ning G60
  457. Ninomiya T227
  458. Nishtar S290
  459. Noale M252
  460. Norat T1
  461. Noto D42
  462. Al Nsour M291
  463. Oreilly D139
  464. Ochoaaviles AM31
  465. Oh K107
  466. Olayan IH204
  467. Olinto MTA292
  468. Oltarzewski M293
  469. Omar MA35
  470. Onat A88
  471. Ordunez P43
  472. Ortiz AP294
  473. Osler M295
  474. Osmond C296
  475. Ostojic SM297
  476. Otero JA194
  477. Overvad K298
  478. Paccaud FM299
  479. Padez C300
  480. Pajak A177
  481. Palli D301
  482. Palloni A302
  483. Palmieri L130
  484. Pandajonas S303
  485. Panza F304
  486. Parnell WR256
  487. Parsaeian M22
  488. Pednekar MS186
  489. Peeters PH305
  490. Peixoto SV245
  491. Pereira AC306
  492. Perez CM294
  493. Peters A131
  494. Peykari N22
  495. Pham ST307
  496. Pigeot I23
  497. Pikhart H67
  498. Pilav A308
  499. Pilotto L309
  500. Pistelli F310
  501. Pitakaka F311
  502. Piwonska A133
  503. Piwonski J133
  504. Plansrubio P312
  505. Poh BK313
  506. Porta M259
  507. Portegies MLP123
  508. Poulimeneas D176
  509. Pradeepa R32
  510. Prashant M9
  511. Price JF265
  512. Puiu M106
  513. Punab M230
  514. Qasrawi RF15
  515. Qorbani M314
  516. Bao TQ315
  517. Radic I178
  518. Radisauskas R53
  519. Rahman M316
  520. Raitakari O317
  521. Raj M236
  522. Rao SR216
  523. Ramachandran A95
  524. Ramke J311
  525. Ramos R318
  526. Rampal S319
  527. Rasmussen F286
  528. Redon J320
  529. Reganit PFM321
  530. Ribeiro R322
  531. Riboli E1
  532. Rigo F323
  533. De Wit TFR324
  534. Rittidias RM254
  535. Rivera JA150
  536. Robinson SM112
  537. Robitaille C325
  538. Rodriguezartalejo F41
  539. Del Cristo Rodriguezperez M326
  540. Rodriguezvillamizar LA327
  541. Rojasmartinez R150
  542. Rojroongwasinkul N20
  543. Romaguera D116
  544. Ronkainen K280
  545. Rosengren A63
  546. Rouse I328
  547. Rubinstein A188
  548. Ruhli FJ140
  549. Rui O329
  550. Ruizbetancourt BS18
  551. Horimoto ARVR306
  552. Rutkowski M40
  553. Sabanayagam C180
  554. Sachdev HS330
  555. Saidi O331
  556. Salanave B94
  557. Martinez ES191
  558. Salomaa V210
  559. Salonen JT332
  560. Salvetti M279
  561. Sanchezabanto J333
  562. Sans S335
  563. Santos DA336
  564. Santos O337
  565. Dos Santos RN54
  566. Santos R91
  567. Sardinha LB336
  568. Sarrafzadegan N270
  569. Saum KU79
  570. Savva SC338
  571. Scazufca M54
  572. Rosario AS269
  573. Schargrodsky H339
  574. Schienkiewitz A269
  575. Schmidt IM340
  576. Schneider IJ118
  577. Schultsz C80
  578. Schutte AE234
  579. Sein AA341
  580. Sen A233
  581. Senbanjo IO342
  582. Sepanlou SG343
  583. Shalnova SA122
  584. Shaw JE253
  585. Shibuya K344
  586. Shin Y180
  587. Shiri R345
  588. Siantar R180
  589. Sibai AM200
  590. Silva AM48
  591. Silva DAS118
  592. Simon M95
  593. Simons J346
  594. Simons LA311
  595. Sjostrom M286
  596. Slowikowskahilczer J235
  597. Slusarczyk P276
  598. Smeeth L28
  599. Smith MC102
  600. Snijder MB90
  601. So HK192
  602. Sobngwi E37
  603. Soderberg S347
  604. Soekatri MYE348
  605. Solfrizzi V304
  606. Sonestedt E168
  607. Sorensen TIA120
  608. Soric M212
  609. Jerome CS349
  610. Soumare A350
  611. Staessen JA351
  612. Starc G211
  613. Stathopoulou MG352
  614. Staub K140
  615. Stavreski B353
  616. Steenejohannessen J30
  617. Stehle P354
  618. Stein AD260
  619. Stergiou GS355
  620. Stessman J203
  621. Stieber J131
  622. Stockl D131
  623. Stocks T168
  624. Stokwiszewski J356
  625. Stratton G357
  626. Strufaldi MW155
  627. Sun CA358
  628. Sundstrom J359
  629. Sung YT192
  630. Sunyer J26
  631. Suriyawongpaisal P20
  632. Swinburn BA50
  633. Sy RG321
  634. Szponar L293
  635. Tai ES242
  636. Tammesoo ML149
  637. Tamosiunas A53
  638. Tang L208
  639. Tang X198
  640. Tanser F162
  641. Tao Y198
  642. Tarawneh M360
  643. Tarp J29
  644. Tarquimamani CB333
  645. Taylor A19
  646. Tchibindat F361
  647. Thijs L351
  648. Thuesen BH208
  649. Tjonneland A189
  650. Tolonen HK210
  651. Tolstrup JS29
  652. Topbas M138
  653. Topormadry R177
  654. Torrent M362
  655. Traissac P125
  656. Trichopoulou A363
  657. Trinh OTH287
  658. Trivedi A364
  659. Tshepo L365
  660. Tullochreid MK143
  661. Tuomainen TP280
  662. Tuomilehto J366
  663. Tynelius P286
  664. Tzotzas T214
  665. Tzourio C350
  666. Ueda P4
  667. Ukoli FAM367
  668. Ulmer H368
  669. Unal B369
  670. Valdivia G147
  671. Vale S91
  672. Valvi D4
  673. Van Der Schouw YT305
  674. Van Herck K75
  675. Van Minh H288
  676. Van Valkengoed IGM80
  677. Vanderschueren D110
  678. Vanuzzo D370
  679. Vatten L233
  680. Vega T248
  681. Velasquezmelendez G371
  682. Veronesi G167
  683. Monique Verschuren WM65
  684. Viegi G252
  685. Viet L65
  686. Viikarijuntura E345
  687. Vineis P1
  688. Vioque J372
  689. Virtanen JK280
  690. Visvikissiest S352
  691. Viswanathan B73
  692. Vollenweider P104
  693. Voutilainen S280
  694. Vrijheid M26
  695. Wade AN373
  696. Wagner A374
  697. Walton J375
  698. Mohamud WNW376
  699. Wang MD325
  700. Wang Q377
  701. Wang YX378
  702. Wannamethee SG67
  703. Wareham N223
  704. Weerasekera D13
  705. Whincup PH379
  706. Widhalm K380
  707. Widyahening IS381
  708. Wiecek A108
  709. Wilks RJ143
  710. Willeit J224
  711. Wojtyniak B356
  712. Wong JE313
  713. Wong TY96
  714. Woo J192
  715. Woodward M49, 102
  716. Wu FC148
  717. Wu J59
  718. Wu SL101
  719. Xu H382
  720. Xu L185
  721. Yamborisut U20
  722. Yan W383
  723. Yang X384
  724. Yardim N385
  725. Ye X246
  726. Yiallouros PK386
  727. Yoshihara A202
  728. You QS185
  729. Youngercoleman NO143
  730. Yusoff AF35
  731. Zainuddin AA267
  732. Zambon S257
  733. Zdrojewski T40
  734. Zeng Y100, 198
  735. Zhao D185
  736. Zhao W384
  737. Zheng Y180
  738. Zhou M384
  739. Zhu D387
  740. Zimmermann E388
  741. Cisneros JZ278
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
  3. 3. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  4. 4. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
  5. 5. University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  6. 6. National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
  7. 7. Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  8. 8. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
  9. 9. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  10. 10. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  11. 11. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
  12. 12. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  13. 13. Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
  14. 14. University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
  15. 15. Al-Quds University, Palestine
  16. 16. Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, India
  17. 17. Birzeit University, Palestine
  18. 18. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
  19. 19. University of Adelaide, Australia
  20. 20. Mahidol University, Thailand
  21. 21. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico
  22. 22. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
  23. 23. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Germany
  24. 24. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
  25. 25. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
  26. 26. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Spain
  27. 27. Lille University and Hospital, France
  28. 28. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
  29. 29. University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
  30. 30. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
  31. 31. Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
  32. 32. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
  33. 33. National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia
  34. 34. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
  35. 35. Ministry of Health, Malaysia
  36. 36. Strasbourg University and Hospital, France
  37. 37. University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
  38. 38. Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
  39. 39. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  40. 40. Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
  41. 41. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
  42. 42. University of Palermo, Italy
  43. 43. Pan American Health Organization, United States
  44. 44. Universite Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
  45. 45. University of Pernambuco, Brazil
  46. 46. Dalhousie University, Canada
  47. 47. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
  48. 48. Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil
  49. 49. University of Sydney, Australia
  50. 50. University of Auckland, New Zealand
  51. 51. University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
  52. 52. University Medical Science, Cuba
  53. 53. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
  54. 54. University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
  55. 55. B.J. Medical College, India
  56. 56. Chirayu Medical College, India
  57. 57. Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India
  58. 58. Aga Khan University, Pakistan
  59. 59. Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
  60. 60. Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, School of Medicine, China
  61. 61. University of Greenland, Greenland
  62. 62. University of Oslo, Norway
  63. 63. University of Gothenburg, Sweden
  64. 64. NatCen Social Research, United Kingdom
  65. 65. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands
  66. 66. University of Turin, Italy
  67. 67. University College London, United Kingdom
  68. 68. Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
  69. 69. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  70. 70. German Institute of Human Nutrition, Germany
  71. 71. CEMIC, Argentina
  72. 72. Toulouse University, School of Medicine, France
  73. 73. Ministry of Health, Seychelles
  74. 74. University of Lausanne, Switzerland
  75. 75. Ghent University, Belgium
  76. 76. FrieslandCampina, Singapore
  77. 77. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
  78. 78. Bielefeld University, Germany
  79. 79. German Cancer Research Center, Germany
  80. 80. University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Netherlands
  81. 81. Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand, New Zealand
  82. 82. Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland
  83. 83. University La Laguna, Spain
  84. 84. University of Malta, Malta
  85. 85. Ministry of Health, Tonga
  86. 86. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Canada
  87. 87. Hospital Santa Maria, CHLN, Portugal
  88. 88. Istanbul University, Turkey
  89. 89. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  90. 90. Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino, Italy
  91. 91. University of Porto, Portugal
  92. 92. Santiago de Compostela University, Spain
  93. 93. Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy
  94. 94. French Institute for Health Surveillance, France
  95. 95. India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
  96. 96. Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
  97. 97. National Institute of Medical Statistics, India
  98. 98. Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  99. 99. Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
  100. 100. Duke University, United States
  101. 101. Kailuan General Hospital, China
  102. 102. University of Oxford, United Kingdom
  103. 103. Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
  104. 104. Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
  105. 105. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
  106. 106. Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
  107. 107. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea
  108. 108. Medical University of Silesia, Poland
  109. 109. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  110. 110. Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
  111. 111. Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Austria
  112. 112. University of Southampton, United Kingdom
  113. 113. IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Italy
  114. 114. Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
  115. 115. Westmead University of Sydney, Australia
  116. 116. CIBEROBN, Spain
  117. 117. National Council of Research, Italy
  118. 118. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
  119. 119. Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
  120. 120. University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  121. 121. Lille University Hospital, France
  122. 122. National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation
  123. 123. Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  124. 124. University of Montreal, Canada
  125. 125. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, France
  126. 126. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil
  127. 127. National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina
  128. 128. National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam
  129. 129. University of Queensland, Australia
  130. 130. Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Italy
  131. 131. Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Germany
  132. 132. Ministere de la Sante et de la Lutte Contre le Sida, Cote d'Ivoire
  133. 133. Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Poland
  134. 134. University of Benin, College of Medical Sciences, Nigeria
  135. 135. National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia
  136. 136. University of California, Davis, United States
  137. 137. University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
  138. 138. Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
  139. 139. Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom
  140. 140. University of Zurich, Switzerland
  141. 141. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  142. 142. Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain
  143. 143. University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  144. 144. Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Spain
  145. 145. Ministry of Health, Argentina
  146. 146. Council for Agriculture Research and Economics, Italy
  147. 147. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
  148. 148. University of Manchester, United Kingdom
  149. 149. University of Tartu, Estonia
  150. 150. Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico
  151. 151. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  152. 152. Lulea University, Sweden
  153. 153. Stanford University, United States
  154. 154. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
  155. 155. Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
  156. 156. Hospital Universitario, Son Espases, Spain
  157. 157. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
  158. 158. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  159. 159. Kinki University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
  160. 160. Kyoto University, Japan
  161. 161. Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  162. 162. University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  163. 163. Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
  164. 164. CIBER en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Spain
  165. 165. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia
  166. 166. Wageningen University, Netherlands
  167. 167. University of Insubria, Italy
  168. 168. Lund University, Sweden
  169. 169. Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health, Israel
  170. 170. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain
  171. 171. Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Venezuela
  172. 172. National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology, Cuba
  173. 173. Universite de Lille 2, France
  174. 174. Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic
  175. 175. Children's Memorial Health Institute, Poland
  176. 176. Alexander Technological Educational Institute, Greece
  177. 177. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
  178. 178. Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Serbia
  179. 179. National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, China
  180. 180. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
  181. 181. Icelandic Heart Association, Iceland
  182. 182. Universidad Icesi, Colombia
  183. 183. State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
  184. 184. King's College London, United Kingdom
  185. 185. Capital Medical University, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, China
  186. 186. Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, India
  187. 187. University of Ibadan, Nigeria
  188. 188. Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
  189. 189. Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Denmark
  190. 190. Tulane University, United States
  191. 191. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
  192. 192. Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
  193. 193. University of Western Australia, Australia
  194. 194. Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander, Colombia
  195. 195. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
  196. 196. University of Oran 1, Algeria
  197. 197. Ministry of Health, Myanmar
  198. 198. Peking University, Health Science Center, China
  199. 199. International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
  200. 200. American University of Beirut, Lebanon
  201. 201. Cairo University, Egypt
  202. 202. Niigata University, Japan
  203. 203. Hadassah University Medical Center, Israel
  204. 204. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait
  205. 205. Guangzhou 12th Hospital, China
  206. 206. Simon Fraser University, Canada
  207. 207. Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Germany
  208. 208. Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Denmark
  209. 209. World Health Organization Country Office, India
  210. 210. National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
  211. 211. University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
  212. 212. University of Zagreb, Croatia
  213. 213. University of Crete, Greece
  214. 214. Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece
  215. 215. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
  216. 216. National Institute of Epidemiology, India
  217. 217. University of Munster, Germany
  218. 218. University of Haifa, Israel
  219. 219. Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Iran
  220. 220. VU University Medical Center, Netherlands
  221. 221. South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
  222. 222. Research Institute of Child Nutrition (FKE), Germany
  223. 223. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
  224. 224. Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
  225. 225. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
  226. 226. National Cancer Center, South Korea
  227. 227. Kyushu University, Japan
  228. 228. Statistics Austria, Austria
  229. 229. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
  230. 230. Tartu University Clinics, Estonia
  231. 231. Polish Academy of Sciences, Anthropology Unit, Wroclaw, Poland
  232. 232. University Hospital Ulm, Germany
  233. 233. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
  234. 234. MRC North-West University, South Africa
  235. 235. Medical University of Lodz, Poland
  236. 236. Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
  237. 237. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
  238. 238. National Institute of Public Health of Algeria, Algeria
  239. 239. Ministerio de Salud Publica, Cuba
  240. 240. Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden
  241. 241. Food and Agriculture Organization, Italy
  242. 242. National University of Singapore, Singapore
  243. 243. Tampere University Hospital, Finland
  244. 244. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
  245. 245. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rene Rachou Research Institute, Brazil
  246. 246. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
  247. 247. University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
  248. 248. Consejeria de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y Leon, Spain
  249. 249. University of Porto Medical School, Portugal
  250. 250. University of Uppsala, Sweden
  251. 251. Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan
  252. 252. Italian National Research Council, Italy
  253. 253. Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
  254. 254. Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
  255. 255. Harokopio University of Athens, Greece
  256. 256. University of Otago, New Zealand
  257. 257. University of Padova, Italy
  258. 258. University of Reading, United Kingdom
  259. 259. Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Spain
  260. 260. Emory University, United States
  261. 261. Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, India
  262. 262. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa
  263. 263. University of Rzeszow, Poland
  264. 264. Brown University, United States
  265. 265. University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  266. 266. University College Dublin, Ireland
  267. 267. Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
  268. 268. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, France
  269. 269. Robert Koch Institute, Germany
  270. 270. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran
  271. 271. University of Pecs, Hungary
  272. 272. Mulago Hospital, Uganda
  273. 273. University of Limpopo, South Africa
  274. 274. Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
  275. 275. RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
  276. 276. International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
  277. 277. Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  278. 278. Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health, Panama
  279. 279. University of Brescia, Italy
  280. 280. University of Eastern Finland, Finland
  281. 281. Mary Immaculate College, Ireland
  282. 282. Ulm University, Germany
  283. 283. Kobe University, Japan
  284. 284. Suraj Eye Institute, India
  285. 285. Helen Keller International, Cameroon
  286. 286. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
  287. 287. University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  288. 288. Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam
  289. 289. Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela
  290. 290. Heartfile, Pakistan
  291. 291. Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan
  292. 292. University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brazil
  293. 293. National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland
  294. 294. University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Puerto Rico
  295. 295. Research Center for Prevention and Health, Denmark
  296. 296. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, United Kingdom
  297. 297. University of Novi Sad, Serbia
  298. 298. Aarhus University, Denmark
  299. 299. Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, Switzerland
  300. 300. University of Coimbra, Portugal
  301. 301. Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Italy
  302. 302. University of Madison-Wisconsin, United States
  303. 303. Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany
  304. 304. University of Bari, Italy
  305. 305. University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
  306. 306. Heart Institute (InCor), Brazil
  307. 307. Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam
  308. 308. Federal Ministry of Health, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  309. 309. Cardiovascular Prevention Centre, Udine, Italy
  310. 310. University Hospital of Pisa, Italy
  311. 311. University of New South Wales, Australia
  312. 312. Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Spain
  313. 313. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
  314. 314. Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  315. 315. Ministry of Health, Viet Nam
  316. 316. Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
  317. 317. Turku University Hospital, Finland
  318. 318. Institut Universitari d'Investigacio en Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Spain
  319. 319. University of Malaya, Malaysia
  320. 320. University of Valencia, Spain
  321. 321. University of the Philippines, Philippines
  322. 322. Department of Health, Brazil
  323. 323. Health Center San Agustin, Spain
  324. 324. PharmAccess Foundation, Netherlands
  325. 325. Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
  326. 326. Canarian Health Service, Spain
  327. 327. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
  328. 328. Fiji National University, Fiji
  329. 329. University of Madeira, Portugal
  330. 330. Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India
  331. 331. Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
  332. 332. University of Helsinki, Finland
  333. 333. National Institute of Health, Peru
  334. 334. Ministry of Health, Indonesia
  335. 335. Catalan Department of Health, Spain
  336. 336. University of Lisbon, Portugal
  337. 337. Institute of Preventive Medicine, Portugal
  338. 338. Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Cyprus
  339. 339. Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
  340. 340. Rigshospitalet, Denmark
  341. 341. Ministry of Health, Thailand
  342. 342. Lagos State University, College of Medicine, Nigeria
  343. 343. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Iran
  344. 344. University of Tokyo, Japan
  345. 345. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
  346. 346. St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia
  347. 347. Umea University, Sweden
  348. 348. Health Polytechnics Institute, Indonesia
  349. 349. Institut Regional de Sante Publique, Benin
  350. 350. University of Bordeaux, France
  351. 351. University of Leuven, Belgium
  352. 352. INSERM, France
  353. 353. Heart Foundation, Australia
  354. 354. Bonn University, Germany
  355. 355. Sotiria Hospital, Greece
  356. 356. National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Poland
  357. 357. Swansea University, United Kingdom
  358. 358. Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
  359. 359. Uppsala University, Sweden
  360. 360. Ministry of Health, Jordan
  361. 361. UNICEF, Cameroon
  362. 362. IB-SALUT Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain
  363. 363. Hellenic Health Foundation, Greece
  364. 364. Government Medical College, India
  365. 365. Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, South Africa
  366. 366. Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
  367. 367. Meharry Medical College, United States
  368. 368. Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
  369. 369. Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
  370. 370. Centro di Prevenzione Cardiovascolare, Udine, Italy
  371. 371. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
  372. 372. Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain
  373. 373. University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
  374. 374. University of Strasbourg, France
  375. 375. University College Cork, Ireland
  376. 376. Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia
  377. 377. Xinjiang Medical University, China
  378. 378. Beijing Tongren Hospital, China
  379. 379. St. George's, University of London, United Kingdom
  380. 380. Medical University of Vienna, Austria
  381. 381. Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
  382. 382. Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture, China
  383. 383. Fudan University, China
  384. 384. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  385. 385. Ministry of Health, Turkey
  386. 386. Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
  387. 387. Inner Mongolia Medical University, China
  388. 388. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Denmark

Source: The Lancet Published:2016


Abstract

Background Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries. Methods We analysed, with use of a consistent protocol, population-based studies that had measured height and weight in adults aged 18 years and older. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to these data to estimate trends from 1975 to 2014 in mean BMI and in the prevalences of BMI categories (<18.5 kg/m2[underweight], 18.5 kg/m2to <20 kg/m2, 20 kg/m2to <25 kg/m2, 25 kg/m2to <30 kg/m2, 30 kg/m2to <35 kg/m2, 35 kg/m2to <40 kg/m2, ≥40 kg/m2[morbid obesity]), by sex in 200 countries and territories, organised in 21 regions. We calculated the posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue. Findings We used 1698 population-based data sources, with more than 19.2 million adult participants (9.9 million men and 9.3 million women) in 186 of 200 countries for which estimates were made. Global age-standardised mean BMI increased from 21.7 kg/m2(95% credible interval 21.3-22.1) in 1975 to 24.2 kg/m2(24.0-24.4) in 2014 in men, and from 22.1 kg/m2(21.7-22.5) in 1975 to 24.4 kg/m2(24.2-24.6) in 2014 in women. Regional mean BMIs in 2014 for men ranged from 21.4 kg/m2in central Africa and south Asia to 29.2 kg/m2(28.6-29.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia; for women the range was from 21.8 kg/m2(21.4-22.3) in south Asia to 32.2 kg/m2(31.5-32.8) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Over these four decades, age-standardised global prevalence of underweight decreased from 13.8% (10.5-17.4) to 8.8% (7.4-10.3) in men and from 14.6% (11.6-17.9) to 9.7% (8.3-11.1) in women. South Asia had the highest prevalence of underweight in 2014, 23.4% (17.8-29.2) in men and 24.0% (18.9-29.3) in women. Age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 3.2% (2.4-4.1) in 1975 to 10.8% (9.7-12.0) in 2014 in men, and from 6.4% (5.1-7.8) to 14.9% (13.6-16.1) in women. 2.3% (2.0-2.7) of the world's men and 5.0% (4.4-5.6) of women were severely obese (ie, have BMI ≥35 kg/m2). Globally, prevalence of morbid obesity was 0.64% (0.46-0.86) in men and 1.6% (1.3-1.9) in women. Interpretation If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global obesity target is virtually zero. Rather, if these trends continue, by 2025, global obesity prevalence will reach 18% in men and surpass 21% in women; severe obesity will surpass 6% in men and 9% in women. Nonetheless, underweight remains prevalent in the world's poorest regions, especially in south Asia. Copyright © NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
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