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Recent Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Applications and Challenges Publisher



Sheikhi K1 ; Ghaderi S2 ; Firouzi H3 ; Rahimibarghani S4 ; Shabani E5 ; Afkhami H6, 7, 8 ; Yarahmadi A9
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iran
  2. 2. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  7. 7. Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran

Source: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology Published:2025


Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration, leading to diverse clinical manifestations such as fatigue, sensory impairment, and cognitive dysfunction. Current pharmacological treatments primarily target immune modulation but fail to arrest disease progression or entirely reverse CNS damage. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy offers a promising alternative, leveraging its immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and regenerative capabilities. This review provides an in-depth analysis of MSC mechanisms of action, including immune system regulation, promotion of remyelination, and neuroregeneration. It examines preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy, safety, and limitations of MSC therapy in various MS phenotypes. Special attention is given to challenges such as delivery routes, dosing regimens, and integrating MSCs with conventional therapies. By highlighting advancements and ongoing challenges, this review underscores the potential of MSCs to revolutionize MS treatment, paving the way for personalized and combinatory therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2025 Sheikhi, Ghaderi, Firouzi, Rahimibarghani, Shabani, Afkhami and Yarahmadi.
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