The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory

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Niknamfar S ; Ghazvini H ; Naseri M ; Zarrindast M ; Rafaiee R ; Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M ; Razavinasab M

Source: Addiction and Health Published:2026

Abstract

State-dependent learning occurs when memories formed under specific conditions or drug influence are best retrieved in the same state. Though complex, its mechanisms are not fully understood. Nicotine and ethanol are key substances affecting this process. This review highlights recent findings on state-dependent memory and examines the impact of these substances. Research involved defining questions and searching databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “nicotine,” “ethanol,” and “state-dependent learning.” Both substances influence memory, either enhancing or impairing it through intricate mechanisms. Studies show nicotine and ethanol together can trigger state-dependent learning, involving neurotransmitter interactions in brain regions like the amygdala and hippocampus during memory formation and retrieval. © 2026 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Niknamfar S, et al.. "The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory." Addiction and Health, vol. 18, no. 1, 2026, pp. -.
APA	Niknamfar S, Ghazvini H, Naseri M, Zarrindast M, Rafaiee R, Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M, Razavinasab M (2026). The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory. Addiction and Health, 18(1), -.
Chicago	Niknamfar S, Ghazvini H, Naseri M, Zarrindast M, Rafaiee R, Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M, Razavinasab M. "The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory." Addiction and Health 18, no. 1 (2026): -.
Harvard	Niknamfar S et al. (2026) 'The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory', Addiction and Health, 18(1), pp. -.
Vancouver	Niknamfar S, Ghazvini H, Naseri M, Zarrindast M, Rafaiee R, Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M, et al.. The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory. Addiction and Health. 2026;18(1):-.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Niknamfar S and Ghazvini H and Naseri M and Zarrindast M and Rafaiee R and Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M and Razavinasab M}, title = {The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory}, journal = {Addiction and Health}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, pages = {-}, year = {2026} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Niknamfar S AU - Ghazvini H AU - Naseri M AU - Zarrindast M AU - Rafaiee R AU - Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M AU - Razavinasab M TI - The Modulatory Role of Nicotine and Alcohol in State-Dependent Learning and Memory JO - Addiction and Health VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - EP - PY - 2026 ER -

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