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Measuring Routine Childhood Vaccination Coverage in 204 Countries and Territories, 1980–2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1 Publisher Pubmed



Galles NC1 ; Updike RL1 ; Fullman N1 ; Nguyen J1 ; Rolfe S1 ; Sbarra AN1 ; Schipp MF1 ; Marks A1 ; Abady GG6 ; Abbas KM7 ; Abbasi SW8 ; Abbastabar H10 ; Abdallah F21 ; Abdoli A23 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Galles NC1
  2. Updike RL1
  3. Fullman N1
  4. Nguyen J1
  5. Rolfe S1
  6. Sbarra AN1
  7. Schipp MF1
  8. Marks A1
  9. Abady GG6
  10. Abbas KM7
  11. Abbasi SW8
  12. Abbastabar H10
  13. Abdallah F21
  14. Abdoli A23
  15. Abolhassani H11
  16. Abosetugn AE25
  17. Adabi M28
  18. Adamu AA4, 29
  19. Adetokunboh OO4, 31
  20. Adnani QES32, 33
  21. Advani SM34, 35, 36
  22. Afzal S38, 39
  23. Aghamir SMK12
  24. Ahinkorah BO40
  25. Ahmad S41
  26. Ahmad T42
  27. Ahmed H46
  28. Ahmed MB47
  29. Ahmed Rashid T49
  30. Ahmed Salih Y50, 51
  31. Aklilu A58
  32. Akunna CJ61
  33. Al Hamad H62
  34. Albano L65
  35. Alemayehu Y56
  36. Alene KA66, 67
  37. Aleyadhy A68
  38. Alhassan RK70
  39. Ali L8
  40. Aljunid SM72, 73
  41. Almustanyir S74, 75
  42. Altirkawi KA68
  43. Alvisguzman N77, 78
  44. Amu H71
  45. Andrei CL79
  46. Andrei T82
  47. Ansar A84
  48. Ansarimoghaddam A85
  49. Arabloo J89
  50. Arabzozani M95
  51. Artanti KD96
  52. Arulappan J97
  53. Awan AT98, 99
  54. Awoke MA100
  55. Ayza MA101
  56. Azarian G27
  57. Azzam AY102
  58. Balakrishnan S107
  59. Banach M110, 111
  60. Bante SA56, 64
  61. Barnighausen TW115, 116
  62. Barqawi HJ117
  63. Barrow A121
  64. Bassat Q123
  65. Bayarmagnai N105, 125
  66. Bejarano Ramirez DF105, 126, 127
  67. Belay HG105, 129
  68. Belgaumi UI130
  69. Bhagavathula AS131, 132
  70. Bhandari D135, 138
  71. Bhardwaj N140
  72. Bhardwaj P108, 141
  73. Bhaskar S144, 145
  74. Bhattacharyya K147
  75. Bibi S148
  76. Bijani A149
  77. Biondi A150
  78. Boloor A151
  79. Braithwaite D154
  80. Buonsenso D156
  81. Butt ZA158, 159
  82. Camargos P160
  83. Carreras G161, 162
  84. Carvalho F163
  85. Castanedaorjuela CA167, 168
  86. Charan J142
  87. Chatterjee S170
  88. Chattu SK171
  89. Chowdhury FR80, 88, 174
  90. Cortesi PA87
  91. Costa VM163
  92. Couto RAS164
  93. Dadras O180, 181
  94. Dagnew AB26, 43
  95. Dagnew B53
  96. Dai X1
  97. Dandona L1, 184
  98. Dandona R1
  99. Derbew Molla M54
  100. Derseh BT25
  101. Desai R185
  102. Desta AA55
  103. Dhamnetiya D186
  104. Dhimal ML187, 189
  105. Dhimal M190
  106. Dianatinasab M191, 192
  107. Diaz D194
  108. Djalalinia S196
  109. Dorostkar F90
  110. Edem B197
  111. Edinur HA198
  112. Eftekharzadeh S199
  113. El Sayed I200
  114. El Sayed Zaki M201
  115. Elhadi M202
  116. Elsharkawy A22
  117. Enany S203
  118. Erkhembayar R204
  119. Esezobor CI205, 207
  120. Eskandarieh S13
  121. Ezeonwumelu IJ208, 209
  122. Ezzikouri S211
  123. Fares J212
  124. Faris PS213
  125. Feleke BE14, 21
  126. Ferede TY215
  127. Fernandes E165
  128. Fernandes JC217
  129. Ferrara P86
  130. Filip I219
  131. Fischer F220
  132. Francis MR221
  133. Fukumoto T223
  134. Gad MM224, 228
  135. Gaidhane S229
  136. Gallus S230
  137. Garg T231
  138. Geberemariyam BS232
  139. Gebre T234
  140. Gebregiorgis BG26
  141. Gebremedhin KB235
  142. Gebremichael B108
  143. Gessner BD236, 237, 238
  144. Ghadiri K239
  145. Ghafourifard M241
  146. Ghashghaee A89
  147. Glushkova EV249
  148. Golechha M250
  149. Gonfa KB233
  150. Gopalani SV251
  151. Goudarzi H253
  152. Gubari MIM255
  153. Guo Y256
  154. Gupta VK260
  155. Gutierrez RA261
  156. Haeuser E1
  157. Halwani R117, 118
  158. Hamidi S262
  159. Hanif A246
  160. Haque S263
  161. Harapan H265
  162. Hashi A267
  163. Hassan S268
  164. Hassanein MH225
  165. Hassanipour S270, 271
  166. Hassankhani H242, 272, 273, 299
  167. Hay SI1, 2
  168. Hayat K274
  169. Heidari G276, 277
  170. Hezam K278, 279
  171. Holla R103, 104
  172. Hoque ME280
  173. Hosseini M14
  174. Hosseinzadeh M89
  175. Hostiuc M80
  176. Househ M283
  177. Huang J285
  178. Humayun A286
  179. Hussain R287
  180. Hussein NR288
  181. Ibitoye SE289
  182. Ilesanmi OS290
  183. Ilic IM291
  184. Ilic MD293
  185. Inamdar S294
  186. Iqbal U295
  187. Irham LM296
  188. Ismail NE301
  189. Itumalla R302
  190. Jha RP303, 304
  191. Joukar F270, 271
  192. Kabir A92
  193. Kabir Z305
  194. Kalhor R306
  195. Kamal Z308
  196. Kamande SM37
  197. Kandel H282, 310
  198. Karch A311
  199. Kassahun G216
  200. Kassebaum NJ1, 2, 3
  201. Katoto PD4, 5, 312
  202. Kelkay B56
  203. Kengne AP313, 314
  204. Khader YS316
  205. Khajuria H317
  206. Khalil IA4
  207. Khan EA318
  208. Khan G133
  209. Khan J319
  210. Khan MA134, 264, 321
  211. Khan MA134, 264, 321
  212. Khang YH322, 323
  213. Khoja AT325, 326
  214. Khubchandani J327
  215. Kimokoti RW333
  216. Kisa A334, 335
  217. Kisa S336
  218. Korshunov VA249
  219. Kosen S337, 338
  220. Kuate Defo B339, 340
  221. Kulkarni V105, 124
  222. Kumar A341
  223. Kwarteng A342
  224. La Vecchia C343
  225. Lami FH344
  226. Landires I348
  227. Lasrado S349
  228. Lassi ZS136
  229. Lee H350
  230. Lee YY351, 352
  231. Levi M353
  232. Lewycka S355, 358
  233. Li S257
  234. Liu X226
  235. Lobo SW362, 363
  236. Lopukhov PD249
  237. Lozano R1, 2
  238. Lutzky Saute R364
  239. Magdy Abd El Razek M366
  240. Makki A119
  241. Malik AA246
  242. Mansourghanaei F270, 271
  243. Mansournia MA14
  244. Mantovani LG87
  245. Martinsmelo FR369
  246. Matthews PC356
  247. Mendoza W373
  248. Menezes RG374
  249. Mengesha EW113
  250. Meretoja TJ375, 376
  251. Mersha AG378
  252. Mesregah MK379
  253. Mestrovic T382
  254. Miazgowski B383, 384
  255. Milne GJ385
  256. Mirica A82
  257. Mirrakhimov EM386, 387
  258. Misra S143
  259. Moghadaszadeh M243, 244
  260. Mohamed TA388
  261. Mohammad KA389
  262. Mohammad Y69
  263. Mohammadi M390
  264. Mohammadianhafshejani A391
  265. Mohammed A392
  266. Mohammed S115
  267. Mohapatra A394
  268. Mokdad AH1, 2
  269. Molokhia M395
  270. Monasta L396
  271. Montasir AA397, 398
  272. Moore CE357
  273. Moradi G14, 21
  274. Moraga P401
  275. Mueller UO402, 404
  276. Munro SB405
  277. Naghavi M1
  278. Naimzada MD406, 407
  279. Naveed M408
  280. Nayak BP317
  281. Negoi I81
  282. Neupane Kandel S410
  283. Nguyen TH411
  284. Nikbakhsh R44
  285. Ningrum DNA297
  286. Nixon MR1
  287. Nnaji CA30, 315
  288. Nunezsamudio V347
  289. Nwatah VE415, 416
  290. Oancea B417
  291. Ochir C204, 418
  292. Ogbo FA419
  293. Olagunju AT420
  294. Olakunde BO421
  295. Onwujekwe OE422
  296. Otstavnov N406
  297. Otstavnov SS406, 423
  298. Owolabi MO126
  299. Padubidri JR103, 104
  300. Pakshir K193
  301. Park EC328, 329
  302. Pashazadeh Kan F94
  303. Pathak M424
  304. Pawar S425
  305. Pereira J426
  306. Peres MFP427, 428
  307. Perianayagam A320
  308. Pinheiro M166
  309. Pirestani M429
  310. Podder V135, 430
  311. Polibin RV249
  312. Pollok RCG431
  313. Postma MJ432, 433
  314. Pottoo FH142, 380
  315. Rabiee M434
  316. Rabiee N435
  317. Radfar A436
  318. Rafiei A437, 438
  319. Rahimimovaghar V17
  320. Rahman M440
  321. Rahmani AM413, 441
  322. Rahmawaty S442
  323. Rajesh A443
  324. Ramshaw RE1
  325. Ranasinghe P444
  326. Rao CR105
  327. Rao SJ445
  328. Rathi P103, 104
  329. Rawaf DL446, 449
  330. Rawaf S447
  331. Renzaho AMN451, 452
  332. Rezaei N18, 19
  333. Riosblancas M453
  334. Rogowski ELB1
  335. Ronfani L396
  336. Rwegerera GM454
  337. Saad AM227
  338. Sabour S45
  339. Saddik B120
  340. Saeed U456
  341. Sahebkar A243, 458
  342. Sahraian MA13
  343. Salam N459
  344. Salimzadeh H20
  345. Samaei M460
  346. Samy AM461
  347. Sanabria J360
  348. Sanmarchi F463
  349. Santricmilicevic MM291, 292
  350. Sartorius B2, 355, 356
  351. Sarveazad A93
  352. Sathian B62
  353. Sawhney M465
  354. Saxena D45, 52
  355. Saxena S108
  356. Seylani A468
  357. Shaikh MA469, 470
  358. Shamsizadeh M471
  359. Shetty PH152
  360. Shigematsu M472, 473
  361. Sidemo NB59
  362. Singh JA57, 474
  363. Sinha S153
  364. Skryabin VY475
  365. Skryabina AA476
  366. Soheili A477
  367. Tadesse EG60
  368. Tamiru AT56
  369. Tekalegn Y232
  370. Thakur B479
  371. Thapar R105
  372. Thavamani A361, 480
  373. Tobegai R481
  374. Tohidinik HR482
  375. Tovanipalone MR179, 365, 483, 484
  376. Traini E396
  377. Tran BX486
  378. Tripathi M487
  379. Tsegaye B216
  380. Tsegaye GW114
  381. Ullah A9
  382. Ullah S148
  383. Ullah S148
  384. Unim B490
  385. Vacante M150
  386. Velazquez DZ195
  387. Vo B491
  388. Vollmer S492
  389. Vu GT493
  390. Vu LG411, 412
  391. Waheed Y494
  392. Winkler AS495
  393. Wiysonge CS30, 315
  394. Yigit V497
  395. Yirdaw BW56
  396. Yon DK324
  397. Yonemoto N498, 499
  398. Yu C500
  399. Yuce D501
  400. Yunusa I116, 502
  401. Zamani M91
  402. Zamanian M400
  403. Zewdie DT109
  404. Zhang ZJ57
  405. Zhong C285
  406. Zumla A177, 448
  407. Murray CJL1
  408. Lim SS1
  409. Mosser JF1
  410. Nguyen J1
  411. Marks A1
  412. Naghavi M1
  413. Murray CJL1
  414. Lim SS1
  415. Dandona R1
  416. Naghavi M1
  417. Murray CJL1
  418. Lim SS1
  419. Ali L8
  420. Ullah A9
  421. Hosseini M14
  422. Feleke BE14, 21
  423. Moradi G14, 21
  424. Elsharkawy A22
  425. Abolhassani H11
  426. Ahmad S41
  427. Ahmad T42
  428. Sabour S45
  429. Ahmed H46
  430. Ahmed MB47
  431. Saxena D45, 52
  432. Dagnew B53
  433. Aklilu A58
  434. Alemayehu Y56
  435. Al Hamad H62
  436. Sathian B62
  437. Al Hamad H62
  438. Albano L65
  439. Aleyadhy A68
  440. Altirkawi KA68
  441. Temsah M68
  442. Mohammad Y69
  443. Amu H71
  444. Hostiuc M80
  445. Negoi I81
  446. Glavan I82
  447. Ansar A84
  448. Antonazzo I86
  449. Ferrara P86
  450. Mantovani LG87
  451. Singh Mtech A88
  452. Arabloo J89
  453. Ghashghaee A89
  454. Ghashghaee A89
  455. Sarveazad A93
  456. Artanti KD96
  457. Arulappan J97
  458. Awoke MA100
  459. Rathi P103, 104
  460. Babar Z106
  461. Gebremichael B108
  462. Zamani M91
  463. Barrow A121
  464. Barrow A121
  465. Hosseini M14
  466. Kulkarni V105, 124
  467. Saxena D45, 52
  468. Lassi ZS136
  469. Shin J118, 139
  470. Misra S143
  471. Bhattacharyya K147
  472. Bibi S148
  473. Ullah S148
  474. Boloor A151
  475. Sinha S153
  476. Braithwaite D154
  477. Braithwaite D154
  478. Buonsenso D156
  479. Buonsenso D156
  480. Tsegaye GW114
  481. De Neve J115
  482. Camargos P160
  483. Pinheiro M166
  484. Chakinala R169
  485. Chatterjee S170
  486. Chattu V172
  487. Chattu V172
  488. Bill I173
  489. Chu D175
  490. Chung S176
  491. Chung S176
  492. Dandona L1, 184
  493. Dandona R1
  494. Ansar A84
  495. Kumar G182, 183
  496. Desai R185
  497. Dhimal M190
  498. Diaz D194
  499. Diaz D194
  500. Eftekharzadeh S199
  501. El Sayed I200
  502. El Sayed Zaki M201
  503. Elhadi M202
  504. Enany S203
  505. Erkhembayar R204
  506. Olagunju AT420
  507. Fares J212
  508. Faris PS213
  509. Faris PS213
  510. Tsegaye B216
  511. Filip I219
  512. Fischer F220
  513. Francis MR221
  514. Francis MR221
  515. Fukumoto T223
  516. Liu X226
  517. Saad AM227
  518. Garg T231
  519. Tekalegn Y232
  520. Mohammed S115
  521. Gebre T234
  522. Ghadiri K239
  523. Ghadiri K239
  524. Ghafourifard M241
  525. Moghadaszadeh M243, 244
  526. Gilani S245
  527. Malik AA246
  528. Gilani S245
  529. Lopukhov PD249
  530. Golechha M250
  531. Gopalani SV251
  532. Goudarzi H253
  533. Ahmed MB47
  534. Goudarzi H253
  535. Gubari MIM255
  536. Guo Y256
  537. Li S257
  538. Guo Y256
  539. Gupta V259
  540. Gupta VK260
  541. Gutierrez RA261
  542. Hargono Dr A266
  543. Hassan S268
  544. Hassan S268
  545. Hayat K274
  546. Hayat K274
  547. Heidari G276, 277
  548. Hezam K278, 279
  549. Islam S281
  550. Hsieh V284
  551. Huang J285
  552. Zhong C285
  553. Humayun A286
  554. Hussain R287
  555. Makki A119
  556. Noubiap J137
  557. Inamdar S294
  558. Iqbal U295
  559. Irham LM296
  560. Irvani SN273, 298, 299
  561. Islam S281
  562. Kalhor R306
  563. Kalhor R306
  564. Kamal Z308
  565. Kamal Z308
  566. Karch A311
  567. Khan J319
  568. Kim G328
  569. Kim M330
  570. Kim M330
  571. Kim Y332
  572. Kosen S337, 338
  573. Kumar A341
  574. Kwarteng A342
  575. La Vecchia C343
  576. Landires I348
  577. Nunezsamudio V347
  578. Lasrado S349
  579. Levi M353
  580. Levi M353
  581. Moore CE357
  582. Liu X226
  583. Sanabria J360
  584. Malik AA246
  585. Mantovani LG87
  586. Matthews PC356
  587. Medina JC371
  588. Medina JC371
  589. Mendoza W373
  590. Menezes RG374
  591. Mesregah MK379
  592. Mestrovic T382
  593. Mohammadi M390
  594. Mohammed A392
  595. Mohammed S115
  596. Mohapatra A394
  597. Molokhia M395
  598. Traini E396
  599. Moradi G14, 21
  600. Mirzaei H16, 400
  601. Zamanian M400
  602. Munro SB405
  603. Naveed M408
  604. Negoi I81
  605. Nguyen TH411
  606. Nguyen TH411
  607. Ningrum DNA297
  608. Pathak M424
  609. Pawar S425
  610. Pirestani M429
  611. Rabiee M434
  612. Rezai M439
  613. Rahman M440
  614. Rahmawaty S442
  615. Rajesh A443
  616. Rawaf S447
  617. Rawaf S447
  618. Rwegerera GM454
  619. Saeb M455
  620. Saeed U456
  621. Saeed U456
  622. Salam N459
  623. Samaei M460
  624. Sanabria J360
  625. Sanmarchi F463
  626. Sathian B62
  627. Sawhney M465
  628. Seidu A466
  629. Seidu A466
  630. Shaikh MA469, 470
  631. Shigematsu M472, 473
  632. Tan K478
  633. Thakur B479
  634. Traini E396
  635. Tripathi M487
  636. Ullah S148
  637. Ullah S148
  638. Vo B491
  639. Vu GT493
  640. Winkler AS495
  641. Winkler AS495
  642. Yu C500
  643. Yuce D501
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine
  3. 3. Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
  4. 4. Department of Global Health
  5. 5. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  8. 8. Department of Biological Sciences, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  9. 9. Multidisciplinary Department
  10. 10. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  11. 11. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
  12. 12. Urology Research Center
  13. 13. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
  14. 14. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
  15. 15. Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center
  16. 16. Department of Medical Immunology
  17. 17. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
  18. 18. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
  19. 19. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
  20. 20. Digestive Diseases Research Institute
  21. 21. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology
  23. 23. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  24. 24. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Public Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  26. 26. Department of Nursing
  27. 27. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  28. 28. Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  29. 29. Cochrane South Africa, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  30. 30. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  31. 31. Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis
  32. 32. Department of Midwifery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
  33. 33. Department of Midwifery, Karya Husada Institute of Health Sciences, Kediri, Indonesia
  34. 34. Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
  35. 35. Los Angeles, CA, United States
  36. 36. Department of Oncology
  37. 37. Georgetown University School of Medicine
  38. 38. Department of Community Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
  39. 39. Department of Public Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  40. 40. The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  41. 41. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  42. 42. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  43. 43. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
  44. 44. Obesity Research Center
  45. 45. Department of Epidemiology
  46. 46. Department of Biosciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Epidemiology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  48. 48. Australian Center for Precision Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  50. 50. Database Technology Department, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  51. 51. College of Informatics
  52. 52. Department of Medical Physiology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  53. 53. Department of Human Physiology
  54. 54. Department of Biochemistry
  55. 55. Department of Surgical Nursing
  56. 56. Department of Midwifery
  57. 57. School of Medicine
  58. 58. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  59. 59. Department of Public Health
  60. 60. Department of Biomedical Sciences
  61. 61. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  62. 62. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  63. 63. Rumailah Hospital
  64. 64. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  65. 65. Department of Experimental Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  66. 66. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
  67. 67. Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  68. 68. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
  69. 69. Internal Medicine Department
  70. 70. Institute of Health Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  71. 71. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
  72. 72. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  73. 73. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
  74. 74. College of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  75. 75. Ministry of Health, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  76. 76. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  77. 77. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
  78. 78. Research Group in Health Economics, Barranquilla, Colombia
  79. 79. Department of Cardiology, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  80. 80. Department of Internal Medicine
  81. 81. Department of General Surgery
  82. 82. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  83. 83. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  84. 84. International Health Special Interest Group, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  85. 85. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  86. 86. Research Center on Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  87. 87. School of Medicine and Surgery
  88. 88. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  89. 89. Health Management and Economics Research Center, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
  90. 90. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
  91. 91. Student Research Committee
  92. 92. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
  93. 93. Colorectal Research Center
  94. 94. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  95. 95. Social Determinants of Health Research Center
  96. 96. Department of Epidemiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  97. 97. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  98. 98. School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman
  99. 99. Continuing Education- Grant Writing Academy, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  100. 100. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  101. 101. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  102. 102. Faculty of Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  103. 103. October 6 University, 6th October City, Egypt, 6th October City, Egypt
  104. 104. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  105. 105. Department of Community Medicine
  106. 106. Department of Pharmacy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  107. 107. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
  108. 108. School of Public Health
  109. 109. Department of Psychiatric Nursing
  110. 110. Department of Hypertension, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  111. 111. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  112. 112. Lodz, Poland
  113. 113. Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies
  114. 114. College of Medicine and Health Sciences
  115. 115. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  116. 116. T H Chan School of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  117. 117. Clinical Sciences Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  118. 118. College of Medicine
  119. 119. Mass Communication Department
  120. 120. Department of Family and Community Medicine
  121. 121. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  122. 122. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  123. 123. Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  124. 124. Barcelona, Spain
  125. 125. Center for Health Development in Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  126. 126. Department of Medicine
  127. 127. Transplant Service, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
  128. 128. Department of Public Health, University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogota, Bogota, Colombia
  129. 129. Department of Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  130. 130. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  131. 131. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed To Be University�, Karad, India
  132. 132. Institute of Public Health, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
  133. 133. Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology
  134. 134. Family Medicine Department
  135. 135. School of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  136. 136. Robinson Research Institute
  137. 137. Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders
  138. 138. Public Health Research Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  139. 139. Central Department of Public Health
  140. 140. Department of Anatomy, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  141. 141. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
  142. 142. Department of Pharmacology
  143. 143. Department of Surgical Oncology
  144. 144. Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  145. 145. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  146. 146. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  147. 147. Department of Statistics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  148. 148. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  149. 149. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  150. 150. Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  151. 151. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  152. 152. Department of Forensic Medicine
  153. 153. Department of Anaesthesiology
  154. 154. Department of Epidemiology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  155. 155. Cancer Population Sciences Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  156. 156. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, United States
  157. 157. Global Health Research Institute, Roma, Italy
  158. 158. School of Public Health and Health Systems, Roma, Italy
  159. 159. Al Shifa School of Public Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  160. 160. Department of Pediatrics, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  161. 161. Institute for Cancer Research, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  162. 162. Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  163. 163. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences
  164. 164. Department of Chemical Sciences
  165. 165. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry
  166. 166. Department of Chemistry
  167. 167. Colombian National Health Observatory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  168. 168. Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  169. 169. Hospitalist Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
  170. 170. Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, United States
  171. 171. Department of Public Health, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, British Indian Ocean Territory
  172. 172. Department of Medicine, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
  173. 173. Thiruvananthapuram, India
  174. 174. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  175. 175. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, Vellore, British Indian Ocean Territory
  176. 176. Department of Health Informatics, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  177. 177. Department of Infection
  178. 178. Health Data Research UK, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  179. 179. London, United Kingdom
  180. 180. Department of Health Informatics
  181. 181. Graduate School of Medicine
  182. 182. Public Health Foundation of India, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  183. 183. Gurugram, India
  184. 184. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  185. 185. Division of Cardiology
  186. 186. Department of Community Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  187. 187. Policy Research Institute, Dr. Baba Sahib Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  188. 188. Kathmandu, Nepal
  189. 189. Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
  190. 190. Health Research Section
  191. 191. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  192. 192. Department of Epidemiology, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  193. 193. Department of Parasitology and Mycology
  194. 194. Center of Complexity Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  195. 195. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  196. 196. Development of Research and Technology Center, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  197. 197. Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  198. 198. School of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Gambia
  199. 199. Division of Urology, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  200. 200. Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  201. 201. Reference Laboratory of Egyptian Universities-Cairo, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  202. 202. Faculty of Medicine, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Cairo, Egypt
  203. 203. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  204. 204. Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Department of International Cyber Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  205. 205. Department of Paediatrics, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  206. 206. Department of Psychiatry
  207. 207. Department of Paediatrics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  208. 208. Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
  209. 209. IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
  210. 210. Badalona, Spain
  211. 211. Department of Virology
  212. 212. Department of Neurological Surgery, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco
  213. 213. Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani�, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  214. 214. Department of Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  215. 215. School of Nursing, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  216. 216. School of Midwifery
  217. 217. Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  218. 218. Psychiatry Department, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  219. 219. School of Health Sciences, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  220. 220. Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  221. 221. Health Sciences Unit, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
  222. 222. Faculty of Social Sciences
  223. 223. Department of Dermatology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  224. 224. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  225. 225. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
  226. 226. Lerner Research Institute
  227. 227. Heart and Vascular Institute
  228. 228. Gillings School of Global Public Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  229. 229. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
  230. 230. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  231. 231. Department of Radiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  232. 232. Department of Public Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  233. 233. Department of Surgery
  234. 234. International Trachoma Initiative, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  235. 235. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States
  236. 236. Pfizer, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  237. 237. Collegeville, PA, United States
  238. 238. Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France
  239. 239. Infectious Disease Research Center
  240. 240. Pediatric Department
  241. 241. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  242. 242. School of Nursing and Midwifery
  243. 243. Biotechnology Research Center
  244. 244. Molecular Medicine Research Center
  245. 245. Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  246. 246. University Institute of Public Health
  247. 247. Afro-Asian Institute, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  248. 248. Lahore, Pakistan
  249. 249. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
  250. 250. Health Systems and Policy Research, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  251. 251. Hudson College of Public Health, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  252. 252. Department of Health and Social Affairs, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
  253. 253. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
  254. 254. Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
  255. 255. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
  256. 256. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  257. 257. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
  258. 258. Department of Epidemiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  259. 259. School of Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  260. 260. Department of Clinical Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  261. 261. Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  262. 262. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Ramon de la Fuente Muniz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
  263. 263. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  264. 264. Epidemiology Department
  265. 265. Medical Research Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  266. 266. Department of Epidemiology, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  267. 267. Department of Public Health, Surabaya, Indonesia
  268. 268. Center for International Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
  269. 269. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting
  270. 270. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  271. 271. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
  272. 272. Independent Consultant, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  273. 273. Tabriz, Iran
  274. 274. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
  275. 275. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  276. 276. Independent Consultant, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  277. 277. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  278. 278. Department of Applied Microbiology
  279. 279. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  280. 280. NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  281. 281. Sydney Medical School
  282. 282. Save Sight Institute
  283. 283. College of Science and Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  284. 284. Department of Health Services Administration, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  285. 285. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  286. 286. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  287. 287. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
  288. 288. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  289. 289. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
  290. 290. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  291. 291. Faculty of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  292. 292. School of Public Health and Health Management
  293. 293. Department of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  294. 294. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  295. 295. College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
  296. 296. School of Pharmacy
  297. 297. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics
  298. 298. Independent Consultant, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  299. 299. Tabriz, Iran
  300. 300. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
  301. 301. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  302. 302. Department of Health Management, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  303. 303. Department of Community Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  304. 304. Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
  305. 305. School of Public Health, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  306. 306. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  307. 307. Health Services Management Department
  308. 308. Department of Pharmacy, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  309. 309. School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Upper Dir, Pakistan
  310. 310. Sydney Eye Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  311. 311. Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  312. 312. Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
  313. 313. Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  314. 314. Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  315. 315. School of Public Health and Family Medicine
  316. 316. Department of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  317. 317. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  318. 318. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amity University, Noida, India
  319. 319. Department of Population Studies, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  320. 320. Department of Development Studies
  321. 321. Primary Care Department, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  322. 322. Department of Health Policy and Management, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  323. 323. Institute of Health Policy and Management
  324. 324. Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  325. 325. Department of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  326. 326. Department of Health Policy and Management, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  327. 327. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  328. 328. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  329. 329. Institute of Health Services Research
  330. 330. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  331. 331. Public Health Center, Seoul, Saudi Arabia
  332. 332. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  333. 333. Department of Nutrition, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  334. 334. School of Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  335. 335. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  336. 336. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  337. 337. Independent Consultant, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  338. 338. Jakarta, Indonesia
  339. 339. Department of Demography
  340. 340. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine
  341. 341. Department of Community Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  342. 342. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Jamshedpur, India
  343. 343. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
  344. 344. Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  345. 345. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
  346. 346. Unit of Microbiology and Public Health
  347. 347. Department of Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  348. 348. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  349. 349. Department of Otorhinolaryngology
  350. 350. College of Pharmacy, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  351. 351. Department of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  352. 352. School of Medical Sciences
  353. 353. Department of Prevention, University of Science Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
  354. 354. Department of Health Sciences, USL Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy
  355. 355. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  356. 356. Nuffield Department of Medicine
  357. 357. Big Data Institute
  358. 358. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  359. 359. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  360. 360. Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
  361. 361. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology
  362. 362. Department of Professional and Medical Education, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  363. 363. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
  364. 364. Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States
  365. 365. Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine
  366. 366. Ophthalmology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  367. 367. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, Ministry of Health & Population, Aswan, Egypt
  368. 368. Value-Based Healthcare Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  369. 369. Campus Caucaia, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
  370. 370. Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Caucaia, Brazil
  371. 371. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
  372. 372. Department of Global Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  373. 373. Peru Country Office, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
  374. 374. Forensic Medicine Division, Lima, Peru
  375. 375. Breast Surgery Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  376. 376. University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  377. 377. Helsinki, Finland
  378. 378. School of Medicine and Public Health
  379. 379. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  380. 380. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  381. 381. Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  382. 382. University Centre Varazdin, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
  383. 383. Center for Innovation in Medical Education, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  384. 384. Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  385. 385. Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering
  386. 386. Internal Medicine Programme, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  387. 387. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  388. 388. College of Dentistry, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  389. 389. Department of Biology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  390. 390. Department of Information Technology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  391. 391. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  392. 392. Department of Biology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  393. 393. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  394. 394. Epidemiology Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  395. 395. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, GRID Council, Bhubaneswar, India
  396. 396. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  397. 397. Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  398. 398. Department of Medicine, TMSS Medical College, Bogura, Bangladesh
  399. 399. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Sofia Ismail Memorial Medical Centre, Bogura, Bangladesh
  400. 400. Department of Epidemiology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  401. 401. Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  402. 402. Federal Institute for Population Research, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  403. 403. Wiesbaden, Germany
  404. 404. Center for Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
  405. 405. Scientific Communications Department
  406. 406. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  407. 407. Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  408. 408. Department of Biotechnology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
  409. 409. Department of General Surgery, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  410. 410. Bupa Clemton Park, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  411. 411. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  412. 412. Faculty of Medicine
  413. 413. Institute of Research and Development
  414. 414. Public Health Department, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  415. 415. Department of Pediatrics, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
  416. 416. Department of International Public Health, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
  417. 417. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  418. 418. Advisory Board, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  419. 419. Translational Health Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  420. 420. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  421. 421. Community Prevention and Care Services, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  422. 422. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National AIDS Control Committee, Abuja, Nigeria
  423. 423. Department of Project Management, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  424. 424. Research & Development Department, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  425. 425. Department of Genetics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  426. 426. Department of Orthopedics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  427. 427. Department of Psychiatry, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  428. 428. International Institute for Educational Planning, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  429. 429. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  430. 430. Medical College, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  431. 431. Institute of Infection and Immunity, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  432. 432. University Medical Center Groningen, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
  433. 433. School of Economics and Business
  434. 434. Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  435. 435. Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  436. 436. College of Medicine, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  437. 437. Department of Immunology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  438. 438. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center
  439. 439. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center
  440. 440. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  441. 441. Future Technology Research Center, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  442. 442. Department of Nutrition Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  443. 443. Department of Surgery, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
  444. 444. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
  445. 445. Department of Oral Pathology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  446. 446. WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
  447. 447. Department of Primary Care and Public Health
  448. 448. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  449. 449. University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  450. 450. Academic Public Health England
  451. 451. School of Medicine, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  452. 452. Translational Health Research Institute
  453. 453. Center for Health System Research, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  454. 454. Department of Internal Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  455. 455. CentraleSupelec, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  456. 456. Biological Production Development Division, Metz, France
  457. 457. Department of Research and Development, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
  458. 458. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Islamabad Diagnostic Center Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
  459. 459. Department of Microbiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  460. 460. Emergency Department, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  461. 461. Department of Entomology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
  462. 462. Department of Surgery, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  463. 463. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  464. 464. Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  465. 465. Department of Public Health Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  466. 466. Department of Population and Health, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  467. 467. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  468. 468. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  469. 469. Independent Consultant, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  470. 470. Karachi, Pakistan
  471. 471. Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life, and Social Welfare
  472. 472. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Boras, Boras, Sweden
  473. 473. Tokyo, Japan
  474. 474. Medicine Service, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  475. 475. Department No.16, Birmingham, AL, United States
  476. 476. Therapeutic Department, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
  477. 477. Nursing Care Research Center, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
  478. 478. Department of Surgery, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  479. 479. Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  480. 480. Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
  481. 481. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  482. 482. HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  483. 483. Modestum LTD, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  484. 484. London, United Kingdom
  485. 485. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences
  486. 486. Department of Health Economics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  487. 487. Department of Neurology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  488. 488. Department of Zoology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
  489. 489. Division of Science and Technology
  490. 490. Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  491. 491. Faculty of Information Technology, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
  492. 492. Department of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  493. 493. Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  494. 494. Foundation University Medical College, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  495. 495. Institute of Health and Society, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  496. 496. Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  497. 497. Department of Health Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  498. 498. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Isparta, Turkey
  499. 499. Department of Public Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  500. 500. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  501. 501. Cancer Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  502. 502. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Source: The Lancet Published:2021


Abstract

Background: Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods: For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings: By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5–42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4–41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3–84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6–60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4–15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation: After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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