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Global, Regional, and National Incidence of Six Major Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher



Wu D1 ; Jin Y2 ; Xing Y3 ; Abate MD6 ; Abbasian M7, 12 ; Abbasikangevari M33 ; Abbasikangevari Z13, 33 ; Abdallah F62 ; Abdelmasseh M64 ; Abdollahifar MA65 ; Abdulah DM66 ; Abedi A67, 68 ; Abedi V70, 71 ; Abidi H72 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Wu D1
  2. Jin Y2
  3. Xing Y3
  4. Abate MD6
  5. Abbasian M7, 12
  6. Abbasikangevari M33
  7. Abbasikangevari Z13, 33
  8. Abdallah F62
  9. Abdelmasseh M64
  10. Abdollahifar MA65
  11. Abdulah DM66
  12. Abedi A67, 68
  13. Abedi V70, 71
  14. Abidi H72
  15. Aboagye RG74
  16. Abolhassani H34, 76
  17. Abuabara K77
  18. Abyadeh M78
  19. Addo IY79, 80
  20. Adeniji KN81
  21. Adepoju AV83, 84
  22. Adesina MA86
  23. Adnani QES91
  24. Afarideh M35, 92
  25. Aghamiri S14
  26. Agodi A93
  27. Agrawal A94, 95
  28. Arriagada CEA96
  29. Ahmad A15, 97
  30. Ahmad D100, 101
  31. Ahmad S102, 103
  32. Ahmad S102, 103
  33. Ahmadi A15, 104
  34. Ahmed A106, 107, 108, 110
  35. Ahmed A106, 107, 108, 110
  36. Aithala JP111
  37. Ajadi AA112, 113
  38. Ajami M16, 114
  39. Akbarzadehkhiavi M115
  40. Alahdab F122
  41. Albataineh MT123
  42. Alemi S125
  43. Algheethi AAS126, 128
  44. Ali L129, 441
  45. Alif SM130
  46. Almazan JU133
  47. Almustanyir S135, 136
  48. Alqahtani JS137
  49. Alqasmi I138
  50. Altaf IUK139
  51. Alvisguzman N140, 141
  52. Alviszakzuk NJ142, 143
  53. Alworafi YM144, 145
  54. Aly H146
  55. Amani R148, 149
  56. Amu H75
  57. Amusa GA157, 158
  58. Andrei CL159
  59. Ansar A161, 162
  60. Ansariniya H17, 163
  61. Anyasodor AE164
  62. Arabloo J165
  63. Arefnezhad R150
  64. Arulappan J171
  65. Asgharijafarabadi M131, 172
  66. Ashraf T173
  67. Atata JA176
  68. Athari SS177
  69. Atlaw D179
  70. Atout MMW180
  71. Aujayeb A181
  72. Awan AT182, 183
  73. Ayatollahi H165, 166
  74. Azadnajafabad S33
  75. Azzam AY184, 185
  76. Badawi A186, 187
  77. Badiye AD189
  78. Bagherieh S190
  79. Baig AA174
  80. Bantie BB193
  81. Barchitta M93
  82. Bardhan M196, 197
  83. Barkercollo SL199
  84. Baroneadesi F200
  85. Batra K201
  86. Bayileyegn NS203
  87. Behnoush AH205
  88. Belgaumi UI206
  89. Bemanalizadeh M37, 191
  90. Bensenor IM208
  91. Beyene KA210, 211
  92. Bhagavathula AS212
  93. Bhardwaj P213, 214
  94. Bhaskar S216, 217
  95. Bhat AN218
  96. Bitaraf S221
  97. Bitra VR222
  98. Boloor A219
  99. Bora K223
  100. Botelho JS224
  101. Buchbinder R132, 225
  102. Calina D226
  103. Camera LA227, 229
  104. Carvalho AF230
  105. Chan JSK232
  106. Chattu VK188, 233
  107. Abebe EC194
  108. Chichagi F38
  109. Choi S235
  110. Chou TC236
  111. Chu DT238
  112. Coberly K239
  113. Costa VM241
  114. Couto RAS242
  115. Cruzmartins N243, 247
  116. Dadras O249, 250
  117. Dai X239, 240
  118. Damiani G252, 254
  119. Dascalu AM160, 257
  120. Dashti M116
  121. Debela SA258
  122. Dellavalle RP259, 260
  123. Demetriades AK261, 266
  124. Demlash AA267
  125. Deng X270
  126. Desai HD271, 272
  127. Desai R271, 272
  128. Dewan SMR273, 274
  129. Dey S275
  130. Dharmaratne SD240, 277, 278
  131. Diaz D280, 281
  132. Dibas M282
  133. Dinisoliveira RJ244, 283
  134. Diress M284
  135. Do TC286
  136. Doan DK288
  137. Dodangeh M167, 289
  138. Dodangeh M167, 289
  139. Dongarwar D290
  140. Dube J292
  141. Dziedzic AM293
  142. Eddra A294
  143. Edinur HA295
  144. Eissazade N167
  145. Ekholuenetale M87, 88
  146. Ekundayo TC297
  147. Elemam NM298
  148. Elhadi M302
  149. Elmehrath AO8, 63
  150. Elmeligy OAA303, 307
  151. Emamverdi M309
  152. Emeto TI310
  153. Esayas HL268
  154. Eshetu HB285
  155. Etaee F312
  156. Fagbamigbe AF87, 316
  157. Faghani S39
  158. Fakhradiyev IR317
  159. Fatehizadeh A192
  160. Fathi M18
  161. Feizkhah A318
  162. Fekadu G4, 319
  163. Fereidouni M321, 322
  164. Fereshtehnejad SM324, 326
  165. Fernandes JC327
  166. Ferrara P328
  167. Fetensa G320
  168. Filip I330, 331
  169. Fischer F332
  170. Foroutan B334
  171. Foroutan M335, 336
  172. Fukumoto T337
  173. Ganesan B338, 339
  174. Gemeda BNB340
  175. Ghamari SH13, 33
  176. Ghasemi M19, 20
  177. Gholamalizadeh M21
  178. Gill TK341
  179. Gillum RF343, 344
  180. Goldust M313
  181. Golechha M345
  182. Goleij P346
  183. Golinelli D347
  184. Goudarzi H348, 349
  185. Guan SY350
  186. Guo Y351, 633
  187. Gupta B231, 352, 353
  188. Gupta VB231, 352, 353
  189. Gupta VK231, 352, 353
  190. Haddadi R355
  191. Hadi NR357
  192. Halwani R299, 300
  193. Haque S358
  194. Hasan I361
  195. Hashempour R22
  196. Hassan A62, 325, 362
  197. Hassan TS62, 325, 362
  198. Hassanzadeh S190
  199. Hassen MB239, 363
  200. Haubold J364, 365
  201. Hayat K366, 367
  202. Heidari G105, 368
  203. Heidari M105, 368
  204. Heidarisoureshjani R61
  205. Herteliu C369, 370
  206. Hessami K9, 151
  207. Hezam K371, 372
  208. Hiraike Y373
  209. Holla R374
  210. Hosseini MS117
  211. Huynh HH380
  212. Hwang BF237, 381
  213. Ibitoye SE89
  214. Ilic IM382, 383
  215. Ilic MD382, 383
  216. Iranmehr A40
  217. Iravanpour F152
  218. Ismail NE384, 385
  219. Iwagami M211, 386, 387
  220. Iwu CCD388
  221. Jacob L389, 391
  222. Jafarinia M152
  223. Jafarzadeh A392, 394
  224. Jahankhani K17
  225. Jahrami H396, 397
  226. Jakovljevic M398, 399
  227. Jamshidi E23, 400
  228. Jani CT402
  229. Janodia MD375
  230. Jayapal SK403
  231. Jayaram S404
  232. Jeganathan J218
  233. Jonas JB405, 406
  234. Joseph A407
  235. Joseph N220
  236. Joshua CE408
  237. Vaishali K376
  238. Kaambwa B409, 410
  239. Kabir A168, 411
  240. Kabir Z168, 411
  241. Kadashetti V412
  242. Kaliyadan F413
  243. Kalroozi F414, 415
  244. Kamal VK198, 416
  245. Kandel A417
  246. Kandel H418, 419
  247. Kanungo S420
  248. Karami J41, 421
  249. Karaye IM422
  250. Karimi H42
  251. Kasraei H149, 169
  252. Kazemian S43, 44
  253. Kebede SA423
  254. Keikavoosiarani L424
  255. Keykhaei M33, 45
  256. Khader YS426
  257. Khajuria H427
  258. Khamesipour F46, 428
  259. Khan EA429
  260. Khan IA430
  261. Khan M359, 432, 435
  262. Khan MJ359, 432, 435
  263. Khan MAB359, 432, 435
  264. Khan MA433, 434
  265. Khatatbeh H436, 437
  266. Khatatbeh MM436, 437
  267. Khateri S438
  268. Kashani HRK24
  269. Kim MS439
  270. Kisa A440, 441
  271. Kisa S440, 441, 442
  272. Koh HY443
  273. Kolkhir P333, 444
  274. Korzh O446
  275. Kotnis AL447
  276. Koul PA448
  277. Koyanagi A449
  278. Krishan K450
  279. Kuddus M451
  280. Kulkarni VV452
  281. Kumar N453
  282. Kundu S454, 455
  283. Kurmi OP456, 457
  284. Vecchia CL253
  285. Lahariya C459, 460, 486
  286. Laksono T461, 462, 474
  287. Lam J463, 464
  288. Latief K465, 466
  289. Lauriola P469
  290. Lawal BK470
  291. Le TTT471, 474
  292. Le TTB471, 474
  293. Lee M475, 476
  294. Lee SW477
  295. Lee WC478
  296. Lee YH479
  297. Lenzi J347
  298. Levi M480, 481
  299. Li W314
  300. Ligade VS377
  301. Lim SS239, 240
  302. Liu G482, 483
  303. Liu X147, 255
  304. Llanaj E484, 485
  305. Lo CH486
  306. Machado VS487
  307. Maghazachi AA299
  308. Mahmoud MA488
  309. Mai TA489
  310. Majeed A491
  311. Sanaye PM178
  312. Makram OM492, 493
  313. Rad EM47
  314. Malhotra K494
  315. Malik AA174, 304, 495
  316. Malik I174, 304, 495
  317. Mallhi TH496
  318. Malta DC497
  319. Mansournia MA48
  320. Mantovani LG329, 499
  321. Martorell M501, 502
  322. Masoudi S49
  323. Masoumi SZ356
  324. Mathangasinghe Y503, 504
  325. Mathews E505
  326. Mathioudakis AG506, 507
  327. Maugeri A93
  328. Mayeli M36
  329. Medina JRC508, 509
  330. Meles GG510
  331. Mendes JJ487
  332. Menezes RG514
  333. Mestrovic T239, 515
  334. Michalek IM516, 517
  335. Nogueira De Sa ACMG497
  336. Mihretie ET518
  337. Minh LHN467, 468
  338. Mirfakhraie R25
  339. Mirrakhimov EM519, 520
  340. Misganaw A240, 363
  341. Mohamadkhani A49
  342. Mohamed NS521, 522
  343. Mohammadi F36, 167
  344. Mohammadi S36, 167
  345. Mohammed S523, 524, 525, 526
  346. Mohammed S523, 524, 525, 526
  347. Mohan S360, 527
  348. Mohseni A26
  349. Mokdad AH239, 240
  350. Momtazmanesh S33, 36
  351. Monasta L528
  352. Moni MA529
  353. Moniruzzaman M530
  354. Moradi Y532
  355. Morovatdar N533
  356. Mostafavi E538, 539
  357. Mousavi P33
  358. Mukoro GD540
  359. Mulita A541
  360. Mulu GB542
  361. Murillozamora E543, 544
  362. Musaigwa F545
  363. Mustafa G98, 546
  364. Muthu S547, 548
  365. Nainu F549
  366. Nangia V550
  367. Swamy SN551
  368. Natto ZS10, 305
  369. Perumalsamy N552, 553
  370. Nayak BP427
  371. Nazripanjaki A554
  372. Negash H556
  373. Nematollahi MH393
  374. Nguyen DH558, 559
  375. Nguyen HTH560, 561
  376. Nguyen HQ489
  377. Nguyen PT562
  378. Nguyen VT472
  379. Niazi RK563
  380. Nikolouzakis TK564, 565
  381. Nnyanzi LA566
  382. Noreen M567
  383. Nzoputam CI568
  384. Nzoputam OJ569, 570
  385. Oancea B571
  386. Oh IH572
  387. Okatialiabad H555
  388. Okonji OC573
  389. Okwute PG574, 575
  390. Olagunju AT458, 576
  391. Olatubi MI577
  392. Olufadewa II85, 88
  393. Ordak M578
  394. Otstavnov N580
  395. Owolabi MO90, 581
  396. Mahesh PA582
  397. Padubidri JR583
  398. Pak A311, 531
  399. Pakzad R584
  400. Palladino R491, 585
  401. Pana A586, 587
  402. Pantazopoulos I588, 589
  403. Papadopoulou P590, 591
  404. Pardhan S592
  405. Parthasarathi A431, 593
  406. Pashaei A594
  407. Patel J262, 595
  408. Pathan AR99, 596
  409. Patil S234, 597
  410. Paudel U598, 599
  411. Pawar S315
  412. Pedersini P600
  413. Pensato U601
  414. Pereira DM245
  415. Pereira J111
  416. Pereira MO498
  417. Pereira RB246
  418. Peres MFP209, 602
  419. Perianayagam A276
  420. Perna S603
  421. Petcu IR369
  422. Pezeshki PS50, 51
  423. Pham HT287
  424. Philip AK604
  425. Piradov MA605
  426. Podder I606
  427. Podder V342, 607
  428. Poddighe D134, 608
  429. Prates EJS497
  430. Qattea I256
  431. Radfar A609
  432. Raee P27, 52
  433. Rafiei A610, 611
  434. Raggi A612
  435. Rahim F613
  436. Rahimi M118
  437. Rahimifard M52
  438. Rahimimovaghar V53
  439. Rahman MO161, 378, 614, 615, 616, 617
  440. Rahman MHU161, 378, 614, 615, 616, 617
  441. Rahman M161, 378, 614, 615, 616, 617
  442. Rahman MA161, 378, 614, 615, 616, 617
  443. Rahmani AM618
  444. Rahmani M123, 124
  445. Rahmani S28, 33
  446. Rahmanian V619
  447. Ramasubramani P52, 620
  448. Rancic N621, 622
  449. Rao IR379
  450. Rashedi S54, 623
  451. Rashid AM626
  452. Ravikumar N627
  453. Rawaf S491, 628
  454. Redwan EMM629, 630
  455. Rezaei N33, 34, 35, 631
  456. Rezaei N33, 34, 35, 631
  457. Rezaei N33, 34, 35, 631
  458. Rezaeian M395
  459. Ribeiro D245, 634
  460. Rodrigues M635
  461. Rodriguez JAB636
  462. Roever L637
  463. Romerorodriguez E638
  464. Saad AMA639
  465. Saddik B36, 239, 298
  466. Sadeghian S640
  467. Saeed U641, 642
  468. Safary A119
  469. Safdarian M643, 644
  470. Safi SZ645, 646
  471. Saghazadeh A34
  472. Sagoe D251
  473. Sharifaskari FS299, 301
  474. Sharifaskari NS299, 301
  475. Sahebkar A534, 535
  476. Sahoo H276
  477. Sahraian MA55
  478. Sajid MR647
  479. Sakhamuri S648, 649
  480. Sakshaug JW650, 651
  481. Saleh MA300, 652
  482. Salehi L69, 425, 654
  483. Salehi S69, 425, 654
  484. Farrokhi AS655
  485. Samadzadeh S656, 657
  486. Samargandy S306
  487. Samieefar N28, 632
  488. Samy AM658, 659
  489. Sanadgol N660
  490. Sanjeev RK661
  491. Sawhney M662
  492. Saya GK663
  493. Schuermans A664, 665
  494. Senthilkumaran S666
  495. Sepanlou SG49, 153
  496. Sethi Y667
  497. Shafie M56
  498. Shah H668
  499. Shahid I175, 670
  500. Shahid S175, 670
  501. Shaikh MA671
  502. Sharfaei S672, 673
  503. Sharma M202
  504. Shayan M29, 674
  505. Shehata HS62
  506. Sheikh A11, 263
  507. Shetty JK675
  508. Shin JI676
  509. Shirkoohi R57, 58
  510. Shitaye NA677
  511. Shivakumar KM207
  512. Shivarov V678, 679
  513. Shobeiri P59, 624
  514. Siabani S680, 681
  515. Sibhat MM683
  516. Siddig EE109, 684
  517. Simpson CR264, 685
  518. Sinaei E154
  519. Singh H686
  520. Singh I687
  521. Singh JA688, 689
  522. Singh P691
  523. Singh S215
  524. Siraj MS692
  525. Sohag AAM693
  526. Solanki R694, 695
  527. Solikhah S696
  528. Solomon Y697
  529. Soltanizangbar MS120
  530. Sun J682, 698
  531. Szeto MD699
  532. Tabaresseisdedos R700, 701
  533. Tabatabaei SM536, 537
  534. Tabish M99
  535. Taheri E192
  536. Tahvildari A30
  537. Talaat IM299, 308
  538. Lukenze Tamuzi JJL704, 745
  539. Tan KK705
  540. Tat NY707, 708
  541. Oliaee RT155, 156
  542. Tavasol A31
  543. Temsah MH709
  544. Thangaraju P710
  545. Tharwat S653, 721
  546. Tibebu NS195
  547. Ticoalu JHV711
  548. Tillawi T712
  549. Tiruye TY713, 714
  550. Tiyuri A170, 323
  551. Tovanipalone MR715, 716
  552. Tripathi M718
  553. Tsegay GM719
  554. Tualeka AR720
  555. Ty SS721
  556. Ubah CS82, 722
  557. Ullah S723, 724, 725
  558. Ullah S723, 724, 725
  559. Umair M669, 726
  560. Umakanthan S727
  561. Upadhyay E728
  562. Vahabi SM59
  563. Vaithinathan AG729
  564. Tahbaz SV730, 731
  565. Valizadeh R732
  566. Varthya SB215
  567. Vasankari TJ733, 734
  568. Venketasubramanian N706, 735
  569. Verras GI265, 736
  570. Villafane JH600
  571. Vlassov V737
  572. Vo DC473
  573. Waheed Y738, 739
  574. Waris A740
  575. Welegebrial BG557
  576. Westerman R741
  577. Wickramasinghe DP742
  578. Wickramasinghe ND743
  579. Willekens B744, 746
  580. Woldegeorgis BZ747
  581. Woldemariam M269
  582. Xiao H748, 749
  583. Yada DY239
  584. Yahya G490, 512
  585. Yang L500, 513
  586. Yazdanpanah F60, 121
  587. Yon DK445
  588. Yonemoto N248, 296
  589. You Y354, 418
  590. Zahir M32
  591. Zaidi SS228
  592. Zangiabadian M28
  593. Zare I717
  594. Zeineddine MA291
  595. Zemedikun DT690, 703
  596. Zeru NG204, 511
  597. Zhang C401, 625
  598. Zhao H390
  599. Zhong C5
  600. Zielinska M579
  601. Zoladl M73
  602. Zumla A127, 702
  603. Guo C351, 633
  604. Tam L2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
  2. 2. Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  3. 3. Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  4. 4. School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  5. 5. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  6. 6. Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  7. 7. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  8. 8. Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  9. 9. Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  10. 10. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  11. 11. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  12. 12. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Health Economics and Statistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Virology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Department of Dermatology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Scientific Research, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. Immunology Department, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
  48. 48. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran, Iran
  49. 49. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
  50. 50. Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  51. 51. Department of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
  52. 52. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran, Iran
  53. 53. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  54. 54. Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
  55. 55. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Department of Neurology, Tehran, Iran
  57. 57. Cancer Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  58. 58. Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran, Iran
  61. 61. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  62. 62. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  63. 63. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  64. 64. Department of Surgery (M Abdelmasseh), Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  65. 65. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  66. 66. Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  67. 67. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  68. 68. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  69. 69. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  70. 70. Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
  71. 71. Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
  72. 72. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  73. 73. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  74. 74. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  75. 75. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  76. 76. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  77. 77. Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  78. 78. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  79. 79. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  80. 80. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  81. 81. Department of Geography Planning and Environment, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  82. 82. Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  83. 83. HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
  84. 84. Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
  85. 85. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  86. 86. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  87. 87. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  88. 88. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  89. 89. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  90. 90. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  91. 91. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
  92. 92. Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  93. 93. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  94. 94. Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
  95. 95. Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  96. 96. Unidad de Emergencia Adulto, Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sotero del Rio, Santiago de Chile, Chile
  97. 97. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  98. 98. Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  99. 99. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  100. 100. Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  101. 101. Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
  102. 102. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  103. 103. Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  104. 104. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  105. 105. Community-oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  106. 106. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  107. 107. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  108. 108. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  109. 109. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  110. 110. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  111. 111. Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  112. 112. Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ilorin, Nigeria
  113. 113. Veterinary Pathology, Stockholm County Council Surveillance and Analysis Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Ilorin, Nigeria
  114. 114. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
  115. 115. Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  116. 116. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  117. 117. Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  118. 118. Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  119. 119. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  120. 120. Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  121. 121. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  122. 122. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  123. 123. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  124. 124. Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  125. 125. Global Health Entrepreneurship, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
  126. 126. Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
  127. 127. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  128. 128. Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
  129. 129. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  130. 130. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  131. 131. School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  132. 132. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  133. 133. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  134. 134. School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  135. 135. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  136. 136. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  137. 137. Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  138. 138. Department of Public Health, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  139. 139. Health Department, Directorate General of Health Services, Peshawar, Pakistan
  140. 140. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  141. 141. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  142. 142. Department of Economic Sciences, University of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia
  143. 143. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  144. 144. Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana'a, Yemen
  145. 145. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
  146. 146. Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  147. 147. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  148. 148. Department of Veterinary Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
  149. 149. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  150. 150. Department of Anatomy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  151. 151. Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  152. 152. Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  153. 153. Noncommunicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  154. 154. Department of Physical Therapy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  155. 155. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  156. 156. Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  157. 157. Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
  158. 158. Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
  159. 159. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  160. 160. Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  161. 161. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  162. 162. Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  163. 163. Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  164. 164. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  165. 165. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  166. 166. Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  167. 167. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  168. 168. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  169. 169. Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  170. 170. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  171. 171. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  172. 172. Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  173. 173. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  174. 174. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  175. 175. Biochemistry Department, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  176. 176. Department fo Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, Kwara, Nigeria
  177. 177. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  178. 178. Department of Pharmacology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  179. 179. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  180. 180. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  181. 181. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  182. 182. School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  183. 183. Continuing Education Grant Writing Academy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  184. 184. Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge Inc, Saint Paul, MN, United States
  185. 185. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  186. 186. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  187. 187. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  188. 188. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  189. 189. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  190. 190. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  191. 191. Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  192. 192. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  193. 193. Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  194. 194. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  195. 195. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  196. 196. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  197. 197. Department of Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  198. 198. Department of Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  199. 199. School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  200. 200. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  201. 201. Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  202. 202. Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  203. 203. Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  204. 204. Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  205. 205. Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  206. 206. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
  207. 207. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
  208. 208. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  209. 209. Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  210. 210. School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, AUCKLAND, New Zealand
  211. 211. Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. louis, MI, United States
  212. 212. Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
  213. 213. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  214. 214. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  215. 215. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  216. 216. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  217. 217. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  218. 218. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  219. 219. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  220. 220. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  221. 221. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  222. 222. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  223. 223. Regional Medical Research Centre North East Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, India
  224. 224. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Almada, Portugal
  225. 225. Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital, Cabrini Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  226. 226. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  227. 227. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  228. 228. Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  229. 229. Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  230. 230. Institute for Mental and Physical Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  231. 231. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  232. 232. Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong
  233. 233. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  234. 234. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  235. 235. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  236. 236. Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  237. 237. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  238. 238. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  239. 239. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  240. 240. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  241. 241. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  242. 242. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  243. 243. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  244. 244. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  245. 245. Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  246. 246. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  247. 247. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  248. 248. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  249. 249. Global Health and Rehabilitation Section, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  250. 250. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  251. 251. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  252. 252. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  253. 253. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  254. 254. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  255. 255. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  256. 256. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  257. 257. Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
  258. 258. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  259. 259. Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
  260. 260. Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO, United States
  261. 261. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  262. 262. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  263. 263. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  264. 264. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  265. 265. College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  266. 266. Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  267. 267. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  268. 268. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  269. 269. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  270. 270. Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, United States
  271. 271. Department of Medicine, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
  272. 272. Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
  273. 273. Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  274. 274. Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  275. 275. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  276. 276. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  277. 277. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  278. 278. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States
  279. 279. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  280. 280. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  281. 281. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  282. 282. Research Unit, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
  283. 283. Sciences Department, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative, Gandra, Portugal
  284. 284. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  285. 285. Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  286. 286. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  287. 287. Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  288. 288. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  289. 289. Department of Biostatistics, Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran
  290. 290. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  291. 291. Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  292. 292. Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
  293. 293. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  294. 294. Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
  295. 295. School of Health Sciences, University of Science Malaysia (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  296. 296. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  297. 297. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  298. 298. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  299. 299. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  300. 300. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  301. 301. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  302. 302. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  303. 303. Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  304. 304. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  305. 305. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  306. 306. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  307. 307. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  308. 308. Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  309. 309. Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  310. 310. Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  311. 311. Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  312. 312. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  313. 313. Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  314. 314. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  315. 315. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  316. 316. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  317. 317. Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  318. 318. Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  319. 319. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  320. 320. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  321. 321. Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  322. 322. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  323. 323. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  324. 324. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  325. 325. Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  326. 326. Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  327. 327. Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  328. 328. Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  329. 329. School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
  330. 330. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  331. 331. School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  332. 332. Institute of Public Health, Charite Medical University Berlin (Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  333. 333. Institute for Allergology, Charite Medical University Berlin (Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  334. 334. Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  335. 335. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  336. 336. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  337. 337. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  338. 338. School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  339. 339. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  340. 340. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia
  341. 341. Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  342. 342. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  343. 343. Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  344. 344. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  345. 345. Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  346. 346. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  347. 347. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  348. 348. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
  349. 349. Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
  350. 350. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
  351. 351. Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
  352. 352. Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  353. 353. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  354. 354. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  355. 355. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  356. 356. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  357. 357. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
  358. 358. Research & Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  359. 359. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  360. 360. Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  361. 361. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  362. 362. Research Centre, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  363. 363. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  364. 364. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  365. 365. Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  366. 366. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  367. 367. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  368. 368. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
  369. 369. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  370. 370. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  371. 371. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  372. 372. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  373. 373. Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  374. 374. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  375. 375. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  376. 376. Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  377. 377. Department of Pharmacy Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  378. 378. Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  379. 379. Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  380. 380. School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
  381. 381. Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
  382. 382. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  383. 383. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  384. 384. Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia
  385. 385. Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
  386. 386. Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  387. 387. Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  388. 388. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  389. 389. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  390. 390. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
  391. 391. Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
  392. 392. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  393. 393. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  394. 394. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  395. 395. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  396. 396. College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  397. 397. Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain
  398. 398. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  399. 399. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  400. 400. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
  401. 401. National Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  402. 402. Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
  403. 403. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  404. 404. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  405. 405. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  406. 406. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  407. 407. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  408. 408. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  409. 409. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  410. 410. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  411. 411. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  412. 412. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
  413. 413. Dermatology Department, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
  414. 414. Department of Pediatric Nursing, Department of Research, Department of Medical Student Research, Aja Medical University, Tehran, Iran
  415. 415. Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  416. 416. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  417. 417. Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
  418. 418. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  419. 419. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  420. 420. Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
  421. 421. Laboratory Science Department, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  422. 422. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  423. 423. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Faroe Islands
  424. 424. Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  425. 425. Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  426. 426. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  427. 427. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  428. 428. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
  429. 429. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  430. 430. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  431. 431. Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  432. 432. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
  433. 433. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  434. 434. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  435. 435. Pharmacy Services, The Indus Hospital Health Network and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
  436. 436. Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
  437. 437. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  438. 438. School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  439. 439. Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  440. 440. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  441. 441. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  442. 442. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  443. 443. Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  444. 444. Division of Immune-mediated Skin Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
  445. 445. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  446. 446. Department of General Practice Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  447. 447. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
  448. 448. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  449. 449. San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  450. 450. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  451. 451. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  452. 452. Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  453. 453. Department of Orthopaedics, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, India
  454. 454. Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  455. 455. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
  456. 456. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  457. 457. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  458. 458. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  459. 459. Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
  460. 460. SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
  461. 461. Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  462. 462. Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  463. 463. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  464. 464. NEVES Society for Patient Safety, NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary
  465. 465. Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  466. 466. Department of Global Health and Health Security, Indonesia
  467. 467. College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  468. 468. Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  469. 469. International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
  470. 470. Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
  471. 471. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
  472. 472. Department of General Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
  473. 473. Faculty of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
  474. 474. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  475. 475. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
  476. 476. Medial Research Collaborating Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, South Korea
  477. 477. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  478. 478. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  479. 479. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  480. 480. Department of Prevention, USL Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy
  481. 481. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  482. 482. School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
  483. 483. Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  484. 484. Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrucke, Potsdam, Germany
  485. 485. German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munchen-Neuherberg, Germany
  486. 486. Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  487. 487. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center), Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  488. 488. Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia
  489. 489. Cardiovascular Research department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, United States
  490. 490. Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
  491. 491. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  492. 492. Center for Health & Nature, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
  493. 493. Department of Cardiology, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt
  494. 494. Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
  495. 495. Material Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
  496. 496. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  497. 497. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  498. 498. Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  499. 499. Laboratory of Public Health, Instituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS (Italian Auxological Institute), Milan, Italy
  500. 500. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  501. 501. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  502. 502. Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
  503. 503. Department of Anatomy, Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  504. 504. Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
  505. 505. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
  506. 506. Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  507. 507. North West Lung Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
  508. 508. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  509. 509. Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
  510. 510. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  511. 511. Department of Statistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  512. 512. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Al Sharkia, Egypt
  513. 513. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  514. 514. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  515. 515. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  516. 516. Department of Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  517. 517. National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  518. 518. Department of Medical Physiology, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  519. 519. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  520. 520. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  521. 521. Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  522. 522. Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  523. 523. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  524. 524. Department of Pharmacy, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan, Ethiopia
  525. 525. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  526. 526. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  527. 527. Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
  528. 528. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  529. 529. School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  530. 530. Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  531. 531. Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  532. 532. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Kurdistan, Iraq
  533. 533. Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  534. 534. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  535. 535. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  536. 536. Department of Medical Informatics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  537. 537. Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  538. 538. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  539. 539. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  540. 540. Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
  541. 541. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  542. 542. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  543. 543. Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico
  544. 544. Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  545. 545. Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  546. 546. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  547. 547. Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Dindigul, India
  548. 548. Quality Appraisal Committee, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India
  549. 549. Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  550. 550. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  551. 551. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  552. 552. Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India
  553. 553. Department of Zoology, Annai Fathima College, Madurai, India
  554. 554. Department of Health promotion, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  555. 555. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  556. 556. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  557. 557. Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  558. 558. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  559. 559. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  560. 560. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  561. 561. Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  562. 562. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam
  563. 563. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  564. 564. Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
  565. 565. Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  566. 566. Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
  567. 567. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
  568. 568. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  569. 569. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  570. 570. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  571. 571. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  572. 572. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  573. 573. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  574. 574. Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria
  575. 575. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  576. 576. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  577. 577. Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
  578. 578. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  579. 579. Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  580. 580. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  581. 581. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  582. 582. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  583. 583. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  584. 584. Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  585. 585. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  586. 586. Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
  587. 587. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  588. 588. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  589. 589. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  590. 590. Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree-The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece
  591. 591. Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  592. 592. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  593. 593. Research Center, Allergy Asthma and Chest Center, Mysore, India
  594. 594. School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  595. 595. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  596. 596. Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India
  597. 597. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  598. 598. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  599. 599. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  600. 600. Clinical Research Department, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
  601. 601. Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
  602. 602. International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  603. 603. Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakir, Bahrain
  604. 604. School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  605. 605. Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  606. 606. Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India
  607. 607. Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  608. 608. Clinical Academic Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (UMC), Astana, Kazakhstan
  609. 609. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  610. 610. Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  611. 611. Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  612. 612. UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilita, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
  613. 613. Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
  614. 614. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan
  615. 615. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  616. 616. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  617. 617. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  618. 618. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  619. 619. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  620. 620. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  621. 621. Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Defence in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  622. 622. Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Belgrade, Serbia
  623. 623. Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  624. 624. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  625. 625. Department of Neurology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  626. 626. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  627. 627. Pulmonary Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  628. 628. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  629. 629. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  630. 630. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  631. 631. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Tehran, Iran
  632. 632. Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Tehran, Iran
  633. 633. Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  634. 634. Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment, University of the Azores, Angra do Heroismo, Portugal
  635. 635. Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  636. 636. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  637. 637. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  638. 638. Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
  639. 639. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  640. 640. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AHVAZ, Iran
  641. 641. Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  642. 642. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  643. 643. Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler University Hospital, Salzburg, Austria
  644. 644. Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
  645. 645. Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
  646. 646. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  647. 647. Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
  648. 648. Clinical Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  649. 649. Thoracic Department, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champ Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
  650. 650. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  651. 651. Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  652. 652. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  653. 653. Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  654. 654. Department of Health Education and Promotion, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Karaj, Iran
  655. 655. Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
  656. 656. Department of Neurology, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  657. 657. Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  658. 658. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  659. 659. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MARSI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  660. 660. Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik Rhine-Westphalia Technical University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
  661. 661. Department of Pediatrics, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, India
  662. 662. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  663. 663. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  664. 664. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
  665. 665. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  666. 666. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  667. 667. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
  668. 668. Office of Research and Innovation, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  669. 669. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  670. 670. Department of Internal Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
  671. 671. Karachi, Pakistan
  672. 672. Department of Clinical Review and Safety, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, United States
  673. 673. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  674. 674. Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
  675. 675. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  676. 676. Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  677. 677. Department of Surgery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  678. 678. Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
  679. 679. Department of Genetics, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridiski, Sofia, Bulgaria
  680. 680. Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  681. 681. School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  682. 682. School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  683. 683. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  684. 684. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  685. 685. School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
  686. 686. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
  687. 687. Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
  688. 688. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  689. 689. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  690. 690. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  691. 691. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  692. 692. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  693. 693. School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  694. 694. Department of Pathology, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados
  695. 695. Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Saint Martin, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (French Part)
  696. 696. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  697. 697. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  698. 698. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
  699. 699. Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  700. 700. Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
  701. 701. Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
  702. 702. NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  703. 703. School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  704. 704. Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia
  705. 705. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  706. 706. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  707. 707. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  708. 708. Research and Innovation Department, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  709. 709. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  710. 710. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
  711. 711. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  712. 712. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
  713. 713. Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  714. 714. Public Health Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  715. 715. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  716. 716. SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology +(SRMIST), Chennai, India
  717. 717. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  718. 718. Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
  719. 719. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  720. 720. Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Universitas Airlngga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  721. 721. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  722. 722. College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  723. 723. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  724. 724. Department of Zoology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  725. 725. Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  726. 726. Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  727. 727. Department of Paraclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  728. 728. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Jaipur, India
  729. 729. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain
  730. 730. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  731. 731. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  732. 732. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  733. 733. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  734. 734. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  735. 735. Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
  736. 736. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  737. 737. Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
  738. 738. Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  739. 739. Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
  740. 740. Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  741. 741. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  742. 742. Department of Surgery, University of Colombo, Colombo, 08, Sri Lanka
  743. 743. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  744. 744. Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
  745. 745. Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  746. 746. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
  747. 747. Department of Internal Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
  748. 748. School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
  749. 749. Department of Public Health Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States

Source: eClinicalMedicine Published:2023


Abstract

Background: The causes for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are diverse and the incidence trends of IMIDs from specific causes are rarely studied. The study aims to investigate the pattern and trend of IMIDs from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We collected detailed information on six major causes of IMIDs, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, between 1990 and 2019, derived from the Global Burden of Disease study in 2019. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in number of incidents and age standardized incidence rate (ASR) on IMIDs, by sex, age, region, and causes, were calculated to quantify the temporal trends. Findings: In 2019, rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease accounted 1.59%, 36.17%, 54.71%, 0.09%, 6.84%, 0.60% of overall new IMIDs cases, respectively. The ASR of IMIDs showed substantial regional and global variation with the highest in High SDI region, High-income North America, and United States of America. Throughout human lifespan, the age distribution of incident cases from six IMIDs was quite different. Globally, incident cases of IMIDs increased with an AAPC of 0.68 and the ASR decreased with an AAPC of −0.34 from 1990 to 2019. The incident cases increased across six IMIDs, the ASR of rheumatoid arthritis increased (0.21, 95% CI 0.18, 0.25), while the ASR of asthma (AAPC = −0.41), inflammatory bowel disease (AAPC = −0.72), multiple sclerosis (AAPC = −0.26), psoriasis (AAPC = −0.77), and atopic dermatitis (AAPC = −0.15) decreased. The ASR of overall and six individual IMID increased with SDI at regional and global level. Countries with higher ASR in 1990 experienced a more rapid decrease in ASR. Interpretation: The incidence patterns of IMIDs varied considerably across the world. Innovative prevention and integrative management strategy are urgently needed to mitigate the increasing ASR of rheumatoid arthritis and upsurging new cases of other five IMIDs, respectively. Funding: The Global Burden of Disease Study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The project funded by Scientific Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital ( 2022QN38). © 2023 The Author(s)
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