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Prevalence, Years Lived With Disability, and Trends in Anaemia Burden by Severity and Cause, 1990–2021: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Gardner WM1 ; Razo C1 ; Mchugh TA1 ; Hagins H1 ; Vilchistella VM1 ; Hennessy C1, 7 ; Taylor HJ1 ; Perumal N1 ; Fuller K1 ; Cercy KM1 ; Zoeckler LZ1 ; Chen CS1 ; Lim SS1, 2 ; Aravkin AY1, 2, 3 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Gardner WM1
  2. Razo C1
  3. Mchugh TA1
  4. Hagins H1
  5. Vilchistella VM1
  6. Hennessy C1, 7
  7. Taylor HJ1
  8. Perumal N1
  9. Fuller K1
  10. Cercy KM1
  11. Zoeckler LZ1
  12. Chen CS1
  13. Lim SS1, 2
  14. Aravkin AY1, 2, 3
  15. Arndt MB1, 4
  16. Bishai JD1
  17. Burkart K1, 2
  18. Chung E1
  19. Dai X1, 2
  20. Dandona L1, 236, 362
  21. Dandona R1, 2, 362
  22. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 247
  23. Dirac MA1, 2, 5
  24. Ewald SB1
  25. Fitzgerald R1
  26. Hassen M1, 143
  27. Mestrovic T1, 445
  28. Mokdad AH1, 2
  29. Nassereldine H1
  30. Pickering BV1
  31. Sorensen RJD1, 4
  32. Stanaway JD1, 2
  33. Zheng P1, 2
  34. Hay SI1, 2
  35. Murray CJL1, 2
  36. Kassebaum NJ1, 2, 6
  37. Misganaw A2, 143
  38. Aali A8
  39. Nour MG9
  40. Sahebkar A10, 11
  41. Abate KH12
  42. Gerema U13
  43. Gizaw ATT14
  44. Abdelsalam S15
  45. Abdurehman AM16
  46. Enyew DB17
  47. Gebremichael B18
  48. Kebede AD19
  49. Meresa HA20
  50. Weldegebreal F20
  51. Abebe G21
  52. Abtew YD22
  53. Kanko TK22
  54. Demisse FW23
  55. Dora BT23
  56. Yisihak E23
  57. Demissie S24
  58. Gebremariam YH25
  59. Wubetie GA25
  60. Woldemariam M26
  61. Abidi H27
  62. Zoladl M28
  63. Aboagye RG29
  64. Alhassan RK30
  65. Immurana M30
  66. Amu H31
  67. Tarkang EE31, 490
  68. Abolhassani H32, 46
  69. Alvand S33
  70. Azadnajafabad S34
  71. Azangoukhyavy M34, 81
  72. Ghamari S34, 81
  73. Keykhaei M34, 37
  74. Momtazmanesh S34, 41
  75. Rahmani S34, 85
  76. Rashidi M34, 81
  77. Rezaei N34, 42
  78. Hosseini K35, 36
  79. Mahmoudi E36
  80. Rashedi S36, 538
  81. Kompani F38
  82. Malakan Rad E39
  83. Masoudi S40
  84. Sima A40, 44
  85. Nowroozi A41
  86. Shafeghat M41
  87. Shobeiri P43, 539
  88. Yazdanpanah F45, 308
  89. Aboye GB47, 48
  90. Accrombessi MMK49, 51
  91. Shivalli S50
  92. Adane DE52
  93. Adane TD53
  94. Vart P54
  95. Addo IY55, 58
  96. Keshri VR56, 391
  97. Xu X57, 611
  98. Adesina MA59, 60
  99. Olufadewa II59, 62
  100. Ekholuenetale M61, 62
  101. Fagbamigbe AF61, 272
  102. Fowobaje KR61, 283
  103. Ibitoye SE63
  104. Ilesanmi OS64, 354
  105. Owolabi MO65, 355
  106. Adeyinka DA66, 67
  107. Adnani QES68
  108. Afzal MS69
  109. Ullah I69
  110. Khalid N70
  111. Afzal S71, 72
  112. Agustina R73, 74
  113. Ahinkorah BO75
  114. Ahmad A76
  115. Mustafa G77, 465
  116. Ahmad S78
  117. Ahmadi S79
  118. Ajami M80, 93
  119. Doaei S82, 254
  120. Gholamalizadeh M83
  121. Jamshidi E84, 361
  122. Sabour S86
  123. Taheri M87, 133
  124. Zahir M88, 90
  125. Ahmed A89, 90
  126. Rashid TA91
  127. Aiman W92
  128. Akbarialiabad H94
  129. Bashiri A95
  130. Zareshahrabadi Z96
  131. Alahdab F97
  132. Alaly Z98, 99
  133. Alam N100
  134. Alemayehu A101, 102
  135. Ali M103
  136. Almustanyir S104, 105
  137. Alraddadi RM106
  138. Natto ZS107, 470
  139. Alrifai RH108
  140. Elbarazi I108
  141. Khan MA109, 397
  142. Altirkawi KA110
  143. Temsah M110
  144. Amer YSA111, 115
  145. Elgohary GMT112, 263
  146. Alvisguzman N113, 114
  147. Ameyaw EK116
  148. Anagaw TF117
  149. Asresie MB118
  150. Awoke AA119
  151. Demsie DG119
  152. Berhie AY120
  153. Dagnew GW121
  154. Guadie HA122
  155. Ancuceanu R123
  156. Hostiuc M124
  157. Hostiuc S125, 351
  158. Negoi I126, 473
  159. Negoi RI127, 474
  160. Anoushirvani A128
  161. Tabaeian S128
  162. Arabloo J129
  163. Dodangeh M130
  164. Moosavi D130
  165. Kabir A131
  166. Noori M132
  167. Tiyuri A134, 546
  168. Antwi M135
  169. Anvari D136, 138
  170. Shorofi S137, 580
  171. Ariffin H139, 140
  172. Aripov T141, 593
  173. Oladunjoye AO142, 493
  174. Arja A143
  175. Legesse SM144
  176. Wagaye B145, 185
  177. Arulappan J146
  178. Aruleba RT147
  179. Ashraf T148
  180. Baig AA149
  181. Hanif A149
  182. Athari S150
  183. Atlaw D151
  184. Aujayeb A152
  185. Awoke MA153
  186. Holla R154
  187. Janodia MD155
  188. Rahman M156, 527
  189. Rao CR157
  190. Badawi A158, 159
  191. Bhutta ZA160, 203
  192. Badiye AD161
  193. Baghcheghi N162
  194. Bagheri N163, 164
  195. Bagherieh S165
  196. Fatehizadeh A166
  197. Banach M167, 168
  198. Banik PC169
  199. Bantie AT170
  200. Barr RD171
  201. Kurmi OP172, 413
  202. Olagunju AT173, 495
  203. Barrow A174, 175
  204. Basu S176
  205. Batiha AM177
  206. Begum T178, 180
  207. Moni M179
  208. Billah SM181, 207
  209. Hossain SJ181
  210. Siraj M181
  211. Tariqujjaman M182
  212. Belete MA183
  213. Hussien FM184
  214. Belo L186, 187
  215. Cruzmartins N188, 230
  216. Bensenor IM189
  217. Goulart AC189, 190
  218. Santos IS189, 190
  219. Bhagavathula AS191
  220. Bhardwaj N192
  221. Bhardwaj P193, 194
  222. Misra S195
  223. Singh S196
  224. Varthya SB196
  225. Bhat AN197
  226. Boloor A198
  227. Dsouza HL199, 257
  228. Padubidri J199
  229. Shetty BK199
  230. Shetty PH199
  231. Joseph N200
  232. Kumar N200, 412
  233. Thapar R200
  234. Shetty A201
  235. Unnikrishnan B202
  236. Das JK204
  237. Lassi ZS205, 419
  238. Bikbov B206
  239. Islam S208, 358
  240. Kandel H209, 380
  241. Nuruzzaman K210, 480
  242. Birara S211
  243. Bitaraf S212
  244. Sadeghian S213
  245. Botelho JS214
  246. Calina D215
  247. Cembranel F216
  248. Chakraborty PA217
  249. Chanie GS218
  250. Dessie G219
  251. Diress M220
  252. Gela Y220
  253. Eshetu HB221
  254. Sharew MM222
  255. Simegn W223
  256. Chattu V224, 225
  257. Chien J226, 227
  258. Chukwu IS228
  259. Criqui MH229
  260. Dadras O231, 232
  261. Danawi HA233
  262. Kaur H234
  263. Pandey A235
  264. Kamal VK236, 379
  265. Darwesh AM237
  266. Hosseinzadeh M238, 348
  267. Bali AO239
  268. Das S240
  269. De La Cruzgongora V241
  270. Mejiarodriguez F242
  271. Desai HD243
  272. Desalegn M244
  273. Feyisa BR244
  274. Fekadu G245, 278
  275. Dessalegn FN246
  276. Dhimal M248
  277. Paudel U248, 513
  278. Dhingra S249
  279. Diaz D250, 251
  280. Didehdar M252
  281. Golitaleb M253
  282. Harorani M253
  283. Doku PN255
  284. Dongarwar D256
  285. Edinur HA258
  286. Elagali AEM259, 260
  287. Elbahnasawy MA261
  288. Hasaballah AI262
  289. Samy AM264, 265
  290. Elhadi M266
  291. Elhuneidi W267
  292. Saddik B268
  293. Elmonem MA269
  294. Ezzeddini R270
  295. Mosapour A270, 436
  296. Zaki L271
  297. Gaihre S272
  298. Fasanmi AO273, 274
  299. Ram P275
  300. Suchdev PS276
  301. Young MF277
  302. Huang J279
  303. Fischer F280
  304. Foroutan M281, 282
  305. Gadanya MA284, 285
  306. Gaidhane AM286
  307. Syed ZQ286
  308. Gaipov A287
  309. Galali Y288, 290
  310. Mohammad DK289, 387
  311. Galehdar N291
  312. Garg P292
  313. Mirza M293
  314. Singh P294
  315. Verma M295
  316. Garg T296
  317. Gebremedhin KB297
  318. Tamir Z298
  319. Getacher L299
  320. Mulu GB300
  321. Yehualashet SS300
  322. Ghaffari K301
  323. Ghafourifard M302
  324. Hassankhani H303
  325. Hosseini M304
  326. Mahmoodpoor A305
  327. Mirghafourvand M306
  328. Rahimi M307
  329. Ghashghaee A309
  330. Kalhor R310, 311
  331. Ghozy S312
  332. Glasbey JC313
  333. Golechha M314
  334. Goleij P315
  335. Goyomsa GG316
  336. Gubari MIM317
  337. Gudisa Z318
  338. Gunawardane DA319
  339. Gupta R320, 321, 323
  340. Yunusa I322
  341. Gupta S324
  342. Gupta VK325
  343. Guta A326
  344. Solomon Y327
  345. Umer AA328
  346. Habibzadeh P329
  347. Hamidi S330
  348. Handal AJ331
  349. Hannan M332, 333
  350. Harapan H334
  351. Hasan M335, 336
  352. Hasani H337
  353. Hayat K339, 340
  354. Heidari G341
  355. Hess SY342, 343
  356. Heyi DZ344
  357. Hezam K345, 346
  358. Hiraike Y347
  359. Vu LG349, 350
  360. Hussain S352, 353
  361. Ilic IM356
  362. Inbaraj LR357
  363. Ismail N359
  364. Bds LJ360
  365. Kumar G362
  366. Lal DK362
  367. Jayarajah U363, 364
  368. Jayaram S365
  369. Jebai R366
  370. Jemal B367
  371. Muche T368
  372. Seboka B369
  373. Zenebe GA370
  374. Jeyakumar A371, 372
  375. Jha RP373, 374
  376. Jonas JB375, 376
  377. Jozwiak JJ377
  378. Kalankesh LR378
  379. Karaye IM381
  380. Kashoo FZ382
  381. Katoto PD383, 384
  382. Kauppila JH385, 386
  383. Pathak A388, 509
  384. Kayode GA389, 390
  385. Khader YS392
  386. Khajuria H393
  387. Nayak BP393
  388. Shannawaz M394
  389. Khammarnia M395
  390. Okatialiabad H395
  391. Khan IA396
  392. Khatab K398
  393. Khazaei Z399, 401
  394. Soodejani MT400
  395. Khubchandani J402
  396. Kim Y403
  397. Kimokoti RW404
  398. Kisa S405
  399. Kosen S406
  400. Laxminarayana SK407
  401. Krishan K408
  402. Defo BK409, 410
  403. Kuddus M411
  404. Kuti O414
  405. Landires I415, 416
  406. Larsson AO417, 418
  407. Latief K420, 421
  408. Laxmaiah A422
  409. Ledda C423
  410. Vacante M424
  411. Veroux M425
  412. Lee S426
  413. Liu X427, 428
  414. Qattea I429
  415. Sankararaman S430, 562
  416. Lorenzovici L431, 432
  417. Machado VS433
  418. Mendes J433
  419. Mahajan PB434
  420. Mahjoub S435, 436
  421. Mallhi T437
  422. Malta DC438
  423. Masoumi S439
  424. Medina JC440, 441
  425. Mendoza W442
  426. Mendozacano O443
  427. Mentis AA444
  428. Miazgowski T446
  429. Mirica A447
  430. Petcu I447
  431. Mohammadi S448, 449
  432. Mohammed S450, 452
  433. Sufiyan MB451
  434. Mohan S453, 455
  435. Shanawaz M454
  436. Moka N456, 457
  437. Monasta L458
  438. Mostafavi E459, 460
  439. Mulita F461, 462
  440. Musina A463, 464
  441. Nagarajan AJ466, 467
  442. Nair TS468
  443. Swamy SN469
  444. Pradhan PMS471, 514
  445. Naz S472
  446. Raza RZ472
  447. Nguefacktsague G475
  448. Ngunjiri JW476
  449. Niazi RK477
  450. Nurrika D478, 479
  451. Nzoputam OJ481, 482
  452. Oancea B483
  453. Obaidur RM484, 485
  454. Obsa MS486, 487
  455. Sisay Y488
  456. Odhiambo JN489, 491
  457. Ogunsakin RE489
  458. Okonji OC492
  459. Oladunjoye OO494
  460. Omonisi AEE496, 497
  461. Ortiz A498, 499
  462. Pakzad R500
  463. Palicz T501, 502
  464. Pandya A503
  465. Papadopoulou P504, 505
  466. Pardhan S506
  467. Patel J507, 508
  468. Pathan AR510, 511
  469. Paudel R512
  470. Pawar S515
  471. Pereira G516, 517
  472. Perico N518
  473. Remuzzi G518
  474. Perna S519
  475. Perumalsamy N520, 521
  476. Piracha ZZ522
  477. Pollok RCG523
  478. Prashant A524
  479. Rahim F525
  480. Rahman A526
  481. Rahmani A528
  482. Rai R529, 530
  483. Raimondo I531, 532
  484. Rajaa S533
  485. Rana J534, 535
  486. Ranjha MA536
  487. Rao S537
  488. Rawaf S540, 541
  489. Rawal L542
  490. Redwan EMM543, 544
  491. Rezaei M545
  492. Richards T547, 548
  493. Rickard J549, 550
  494. Rodriguez JAB551
  495. Roever L552
  496. Roshandel G553
  497. Tahamtan A554
  498. Roy B555
  499. Rwegerera GM556
  500. Saad AMA557
  501. Sadeghi M558
  502. Saeed U559
  503. Sahoo H560
  504. Salem MR561
  505. Santoro R563
  506. Satpathy M564, 565
  507. Saya G566
  508. Senbeta AM567
  509. Senthilkumaran S568
  510. Seylani A569
  511. Shah PA570, 571
  512. Shaikh MA572
  513. Sharma P573
  514. Sheikhi R574
  515. Shenoy SM575
  516. Shetty JK576
  517. Shin J577
  518. Shivarov V578, 579
  519. Sikder MK581
  520. Vervoort D582
  521. Singh JA583, 584
  522. Singh NP585
  523. Skryabina AA586
  524. Song Y587
  525. Sultana S588
  526. Szeto MD589
  527. Tan K590
  528. Tat NY591, 592
  529. Tefera YM328
  530. Thiyagarajan A594
  531. Ticoalu JHV595
  532. Tigabu BM596
  533. Tobegai R597
  534. Tovanipalone MR598, 599
  535. Tran MTN600, 601
  536. Tusa BS602
  537. Tahbaz SV603, 604
  538. Valdez PR605, 606
  539. Vaziri S607
  540. Yari K608
  541. Wickramasinghe ND609
  542. Wonde TE610
  543. Yigit A612
  544. Yigit V612
  545. Yon D613
  546. Yonemoto N614, 615
  547. Yu C616
  548. Zhang Z617
  549. Zaman BA618
  550. Zamora N619
  551. Zare I620
  552. Moradi M621
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Center for Health System Effectiveness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
  8. 8. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  9. 9. E-Learning Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  10. 10. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  11. 11. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  13. 13. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  14. 14. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  15. 15. Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  16. 16. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  17. 17. Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  18. 18. Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  19. 19. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  20. 20. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  21. 21. Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  22. 22. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  23. 23. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  24. 24. Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  25. 25. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  26. 26. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  27. 27. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  29. 29. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  30. 30. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  31. 31. Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  32. 32. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  40. 40. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  43. 43. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  47. 47. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  48. 48. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  49. 49. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  50. 50. Medical Statistics Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  51. 51. Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Research Institute of Benin, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
  52. 52. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  53. 53. Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  54. 54. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  55. 55. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  56. 56. Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  57. 57. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  58. 58. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  59. 59. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  60. 60. Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  61. 61. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  62. 62. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  63. 63. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  64. 64. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  65. 65. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  66. 66. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
  67. 67. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
  68. 68. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  69. 69. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  70. 70. School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  71. 71. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  72. 72. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  73. 73. Department of Nutrition, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  74. 74. Human Nutrition Research Center, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
  75. 75. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  76. 76. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  77. 77. Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  78. 78. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  79. 79. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  80. 80. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  81. 81. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  82. 82. Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  83. 83. Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  84. 84. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  85. 85. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  86. 86. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  87. 87. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  89. 89. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  90. 90. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  91. 91. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  92. 92. Department of Neurology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
  93. 93. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
  94. 94. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  95. 95. Department of Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  96. 96. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  97. 97. Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  98. 98. John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  99. 99. Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
  100. 100. Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  101. 101. Department of Public Health, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia
  102. 102. Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Harar, Ethiopia
  103. 103. Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
  104. 104. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  105. 105. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  106. 106. Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  107. 107. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  108. 108. Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  109. 109. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  110. 110. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  111. 111. Quality Management Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  112. 112. Section of Adult Hematology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  113. 113. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  114. 114. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  115. 115. Alexandria Center for Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  116. 116. School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  117. 117. Department of Health Promotion, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  118. 118. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  119. 119. College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  120. 120. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Department of Reproductive Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  122. 122. Department of Health Informatics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  123. 123. Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  124. 124. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  125. 125. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  126. 126. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  127. 127. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  128. 128. Department of Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  129. 129. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  130. 130. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  131. 131. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  132. 132. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  133. 133. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  134. 134. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  135. 135. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Ghana
  136. 136. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  137. 137. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  138. 138. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  139. 139. Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  140. 140. University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  141. 141. Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  142. 142. Medicine Critical Care, Boston, MA, United States
  143. 143. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  144. 144. Knowledge Translation Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  145. 145. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Unit, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  146. 146. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  147. 147. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  148. 148. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  149. 149. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  150. 150. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  151. 151. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  152. 152. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  153. 153. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  154. 154. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  155. 155. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  156. 156. Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  157. 157. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  158. 158. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  159. 159. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  160. 160. Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  161. 161. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  162. 162. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  163. 163. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  164. 164. Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  165. 165. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  166. 166. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  167. 167. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  168. 168. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  169. 169. Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  170. 170. Department of Anesthesiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  171. 171. Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  172. 172. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  173. 173. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  174. 174. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  175. 175. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  176. 176. Academics Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
  177. 177. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  178. 178. Center of Research Excellence in Stillbirth, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  179. 179. School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  180. 180. Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  181. 181. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  182. 182. Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  183. 183. Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  184. 184. Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  185. 185. Department of Public Health Nutrition, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  186. 186. Biological Sciences Department, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  187. 187. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  188. 188. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  189. 189. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  190. 190. Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  191. 191. Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
  192. 192. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  193. 193. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  194. 194. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  195. 195. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  196. 196. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  197. 197. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  198. 198. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  199. 199. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  200. 200. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  201. 201. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  202. 202. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  203. 203. Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  204. 204. Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  205. 205. Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  206. 206. Scientific Tools, Bergamo, Italy
  207. 207. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  208. 208. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  209. 209. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  210. 210. Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  211. 211. Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
  212. 212. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  213. 213. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  214. 214. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Egas Moniz), Almada, Portugal
  215. 215. Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  216. 216. Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
  217. 217. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  218. 218. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  219. 219. Biochemistry Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  220. 220. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  221. 221. Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  222. 222. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  223. 223. Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  224. 224. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  225. 225. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  226. 226. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzih, Taiwan
  227. 227. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
  228. 228. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  229. 229. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
  230. 230. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e. Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  231. 231. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  232. 232. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  233. 233. Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  234. 234. Research Division, Gurugram, India
  235. 235. Department of Research, Gurugram, India
  236. 236. Biostatistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  237. 237. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  238. 238. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  239. 239. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  240. 240. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
  241. 241. Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  242. 242. Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
  243. 243. Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
  244. 244. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  245. 245. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  246. 246. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  247. 247. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
  248. 248. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  249. 249. Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
  250. 250. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  251. 251. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  252. 252. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  253. 253. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  254. 254. School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  255. 255. School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  256. 256. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  257. 257. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  258. 258. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  259. 259. Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
  260. 260. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
  261. 261. Microbiology Department, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  262. 262. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  263. 263. Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  264. 264. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  265. 265. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  266. 266. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  267. 267. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  268. 268. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  269. 269. Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
  270. 270. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  271. 271. Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  272. 272. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  273. 273. Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
  274. 274. School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  275. 275. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  276. 276. Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  277. 277. Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  278. 278. School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  279. 279. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  280. 280. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  281. 281. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  282. 282. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  283. 283. Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria
  284. 284. Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
  285. 285. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  286. 286. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  287. 287. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
  288. 288. Food Technology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  289. 289. Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  290. 290. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  291. 291. Department of Surgical Technology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  292. 292. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  293. 293. Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  294. 294. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  295. 295. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  296. 296. Department of Radiology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
  297. 297. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  298. 298. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  299. 299. Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  300. 300. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  301. 301. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  302. 302. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  303. 303. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  304. 304. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  305. 305. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  306. 306. Department of Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  307. 307. Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  308. 308. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  309. 309. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  310. 310. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  311. 311. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  312. 312. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  313. 313. NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  314. 314. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  315. 315. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  316. 316. Public Health Department, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia
  317. 317. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University Of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
  318. 318. Department of Anesthesia, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  319. 319. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
  320. 320. Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA, United States
  321. 321. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  322. 322. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  323. 323. Centre for Non-communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  324. 324. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  325. 325. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  326. 326. Department of Midwifery, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  327. 327. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  328. 328. Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  329. 329. School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
  330. 330. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  331. 331. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  332. 332. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  333. 333. Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  334. 334. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  335. 335. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  336. 336. ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  337. 337. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  338. 338. Tabriz, Iran
  339. 339. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  340. 340. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
  341. 341. Santa Clara, CA, United States
  342. 342. Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
  343. 343. Micronutrient Forum, Washington, DC, United States
  344. 344. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  345. 345. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  346. 346. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  347. 347. Division for Health Service Promotion, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  348. 348. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  349. 349. Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  350. 350. Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  351. 351. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  352. 352. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  353. 353. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  354. 354. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  355. 355. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  356. 356. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  357. 357. Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  358. 358. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  359. 359. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  360. 360. Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
  361. 361. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
  362. 362. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  363. 363. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  364. 364. Department of Surgery, National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  365. 365. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  366. 366. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  367. 367. Department of Anesthesiology, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  368. 368. Department of Human Nutrition, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  369. 369. School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  370. 370. Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  371. 371. Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
  372. 372. Food Evolution Research Laboratory, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Johannesburg, South Africa
  373. 373. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  374. 374. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  375. 375. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  376. 376. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  377. 377. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  378. 378. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  379. 379. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  380. 380. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  381. 381. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  382. 382. Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
  383. 383. Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  384. 384. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  385. 385. Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  386. 386. Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  387. 387. Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  388. 388. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  389. 389. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  390. 390. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  391. 391. Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  392. 392. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  393. 393. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  394. 394. Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
  395. 395. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  396. 396. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  397. 397. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  398. 398. Department of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  399. 399. Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  400. 400. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  401. 401. Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
  402. 402. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  403. 403. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  404. 404. Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
  405. 405. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  406. 406. Jakarta, Indonesia
  407. 407. Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
  408. 408. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  409. 409. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  410. 410. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
  411. 411. Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  412. 412. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  413. 413. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  414. 414. Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Children's Fund, Accra, Ghana
  415. 415. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  416. 416. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  417. 417. Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  418. 418. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
  419. 419. Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  420. 420. Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  421. 421. Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  422. 422. National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
  423. 423. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  424. 424. Department of General Surgery and Medical- Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  425. 425. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  426. 426. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  427. 427. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  428. 428. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  429. 429. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  430. 430. Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  431. 431. Department of Health Economics, Syreon Research Romania, Targu Mures, Romania
  432. 432. Department of Doctoral Studies, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mure, Tirgu Mures, Romania
  433. 433. Clinical Research Unit, Centro de Investigacao Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center) Monte da Caparica, Portugal
  434. 434. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India
  435. 435. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  436. 436. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  437. 437. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  438. 438. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  439. 439. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  440. 440. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  441. 441. Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
  442. 442. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
  443. 443. Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
  444. 444. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  445. 445. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  446. 446. Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases and Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  447. 447. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  448. 448. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  449. 449. Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  450. 450. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  451. 451. Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  452. 452. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  453. 453. Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  454. 454. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  455. 455. Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
  456. 456. Oncology Department, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Hazard, KY, United States
  457. 457. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  458. 458. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  459. 459. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  460. 460. Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  461. 461. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  462. 462. Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  463. 463. Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa, Iasi, Romania
  464. 464. Second Surgical Unit, Regional Institute of Oncology Iasi, Iasi, Romania
  465. 465. Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother and Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  466. 466. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  467. 467. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  468. 468. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  469. 469. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  470. 470. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  471. 471. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  472. 472. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  473. 473. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  474. 474. Department of Cardiology, Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania
  475. 475. Department of Public Health, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  476. 476. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
  477. 477. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  478. 478. Public Health Department, Banten School of Health Science, South Tangerang, Indonesia
  479. 479. Higher Education Service Institutions LL-DIKTI Region IV, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Bandung, Indonesia
  480. 480. Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  481. 481. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  482. 482. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  483. 483. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  484. 484. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan
  485. 485. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  486. 486. Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  487. 487. College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  488. 488. Department of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  489. 489. Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa
  490. 490. School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Durban, South Africa
  491. 491. Department of Management Science and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
  492. 492. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  493. 493. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  494. 494. General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  495. 495. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  496. 496. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
  497. 497. Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
  498. 498. Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  499. 499. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Institute for Health Research Foundation Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
  500. 500. Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  501. 501. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  502. 502. Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary
  503. 503. Parul Institute of Public Health, Parul University, Vadodara, India
  504. 504. Department of Science and Mathematics, Deree - The American College of Greece, Athens, Greece
  505. 505. Department of Biophysics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
  506. 506. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  507. 507. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  508. 508. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  509. 509. Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
  510. 510. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  511. 511. Research Consultancy, Author Gate Publications, Malegaon, India
  512. 512. Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  513. 513. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  514. 514. Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  515. 515. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  516. 516. Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
  517. 517. Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  518. 518. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  519. 519. Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Sakir, Bahrain
  520. 520. Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India
  521. 521. Department of Zoology, Annai Fathima College, Madurai, India
  522. 522. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  523. 523. Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
  524. 524. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  525. 525. Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
  526. 526. Data Mining Research Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
  527. 527. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  528. 528. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  529. 529. Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
  530. 530. Department of Economics, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
  531. 531. Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
  532. 532. Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
  533. 533. Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India
  534. 534. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  535. 535. Research and Innovation Division, South Asian Institute for Social Transformation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  536. 536. Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
  537. 537. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India
  538. 538. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  539. 539. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  540. 540. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  541. 541. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  542. 542. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  543. 543. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  544. 544. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  545. 545. Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  546. 546. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  547. 547. Surgery Division, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
  548. 548. Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  549. 549. Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  550. 550. Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  551. 551. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  552. 552. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  553. 553. Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  554. 554. Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  555. 555. Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
  556. 556. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  557. 557. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  558. 558. Health Information Management, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  559. 559. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  560. 560. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  561. 561. Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
  562. 562. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  563. 563. Daccude, Todi, Italy
  564. 564. UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  565. 565. Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  566. 566. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  567. 567. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  568. 568. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  569. 569. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  570. 570. Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  571. 571. HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant, HealthCare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India
  572. 572. Karachi, Pakistan
  573. 573. Department of Medical Oncology, Kent Hospital, Warwick, RI, United States
  574. 574. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  575. 575. Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
  576. 576. Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  577. 577. College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  578. 578. Clinical Immunology and Hematology, Sofiamed University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
  579. 579. Department of Genetics, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridiski, Sofia, Bulgaria
  580. 580. Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  581. 581. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  582. 582. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  583. 583. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  584. 584. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, United States
  585. 585. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India
  586. 586. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  587. 587. Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  588. 588. Maternal and Child Health Division, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  589. 589. Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  590. 590. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  591. 591. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  592. 592. Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  593. 593. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  594. 594. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  595. 595. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  596. 596. Department of Pharmacy, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  597. 597. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  598. 598. Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  599. 599. Modestum, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
  600. 600. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  601. 601. Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  602. 602. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  603. 603. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  604. 604. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  605. 605. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  606. 606. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  607. 607. Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  608. 608. Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  609. 609. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  610. 610. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  611. 611. Cardiovascular Program, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  612. 612. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  613. 613. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  614. 614. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  615. 615. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  616. 616. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  617. 617. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  618. 618. Department of Pharmacology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  619. 619. Medical College of La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
  620. 620. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  621. 621. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: The Lancet Haematology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods: We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings: In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23·9–24·7), corresponding to 1·92 billion (1·89–1·95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28·2% (27·8–28·5) and 1·50 billion (1·48–1·52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52·0 million (35·1–75·1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422·4 [95% UI 286·1–612·9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89·0 [58·2–123·7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36·3 [24·4–52·8]), collectively accounting for 84·7% (84·1–85·2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation: Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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