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A Global Survey on Changes in the Supply, Price, and Use of Illicit Drugs and Alcohol, and Related Complications During the 2020 Covid-19 Pandemic Publisher



Farhoudian A1 ; Radfar SR2, 3 ; Ardabili HM4, 5 ; Rafei P6, 7 ; Ebrahimi M7 ; Zonoozi AK5 ; De Jong CAJ8 ; Vahidi M1 ; Yunesian M9 ; Kouimtsidis C10 ; Arunogiri S11 ; Hansen H12 ; Brady KT13 ; Potenza MN14 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Farhoudian A1
  2. Radfar SR2, 3
  3. Ardabili HM4, 5
  4. Rafei P6, 7
  5. Ebrahimi M7
  6. Zonoozi AK5
  7. De Jong CAJ8
  8. Vahidi M1
  9. Yunesian M9
  10. Kouimtsidis C10
  11. Arunogiri S11
  12. Hansen H12
  13. Brady KT13
  14. Potenza MN14
  15. Baldacchino AM15
  16. Ekhtiari H16
  17. Abagiu AO17
  18. Abouna FDN18
  19. Ahmed MH19
  20. Alansari B20
  21. Alkhair FMA21
  22. Almaqbali MH22
  23. Ambekar A23
  24. Arya S24
  25. Asebikan VO25
  26. Ayasreh MA26
  27. Basu D27
  28. Benmebarek Z28
  29. Bhad R23
  30. Blaise M29
  31. Bonnet N30
  32. Brasch J31
  33. Broers B32
  34. Busse A33
  35. Butner JL34
  36. Camilleri M35
  37. Campello G33
  38. Carra G36
  39. Celic I37
  40. Chalabianloo F38
  41. Chaturvedi A39
  42. Cherpitel JJEN40
  43. Clark KJ41
  44. Cyders MA42
  45. De Bernardis E43
  46. Deilamizade A44
  47. Derry JE45
  48. Dhagudu NK46
  49. Dolezalova P47
  50. Dom G48
  51. Dunlop AJ49
  52. Elhabiby MM50
  53. Elkholy H51
  54. Essien NF52
  55. Farah GI53
  56. Ferri M54
  57. Floros GD55
  58. Friedman C56
  59. Fuderanan CH57
  60. Gerra G33
  61. Ghosh A58
  62. Gogia M59
  63. Grammatikopoulos IA60
  64. Grandinetti P61
  65. Guirguis A62
  66. Gutnisky D63
  67. Haber PS64
  68. Hassaniabharian P65
  69. Hooshyari Z66
  70. Ibrahim IIM50
  71. Ieong HFH67
  72. Indradewi RN68
  73. Iskandar S69
  74. Isra TN70
  75. Jain S71
  76. James S72
  77. Javadi SMH73
  78. Joe KH74
  79. Jokubonis D75
  80. Jovanova AT76
  81. Kamal RM77
  82. Kantchelov AI78
  83. Kathiresan P23
  84. Katzman G79
  85. Kawale P80
  86. Kern AM81
  87. Kessler FHP82
  88. Kim SGS83
  89. Kimball AM84
  90. Kljucevic Z85
  91. Kurniasanti KS86
  92. Lev R87
  93. Lee HK88
  94. Lengvenyte A89
  95. Levran S90
  96. Mabelya GS91
  97. Mahi MAE92
  98. Maphisa JM93
  99. Maremmani I94
  100. Masferrer L95
  101. Massah O96
  102. Mccambridge O97
  103. Mcgovern GG98
  104. Min AK99
  105. Moghanibashimansourieh A73
  106. Morarios J100
  107. Mudalige IUK101
  108. Mukherjee D102
  109. Munira PM103
  110. Myers B104
  111. Menon T N J105
  112. Narasimha VL106
  113. Ndionuka N107
  114. Nejatisafa AA108
  115. Niaz K33
  116. Nizami AT109
  117. Nuijens JH110
  118. Orsolini L111
  119. Oum V112
  120. Oyemade AA113
  121. Palavra IR114
  122. Pant SB115
  123. Paredes J116
  124. Peyron E117
  125. Quiros RA118
  126. Qurishi R119
  127. Rafiq NUZ120
  128. Raghavendra Rao R121
  129. Rattaapha W122
  130. Raymond KL123
  131. Reimer J124
  132. Renaldo E125
  133. Rezapour T126
  134. Robertson JR127
  135. Roncero C128
  136. Roub F129
  137. Rubenstein EJ130
  138. Rupp CI131
  139. Saenz E33
  140. Salehi M132
  141. Samartzis L133
  142. Sarubbo LB134
  143. Segrec N135
  144. Shah B136
  145. Shen H137
  146. Shirasaka T138
  147. Shoptaw S139
  148. Sintango FM140
  149. Sosa VA141
  150. Subata E75
  151. Sztycberg N142
  152. Taghizadeh F143
  153. Wee Teck JBT144
  154. Tjagvad C145
  155. Torrens M146
  156. Twala JM147
  157. Vadivel R148
  158. Volpicelli JR149
  159. Weijs J150
  160. Wintoniw SM151
  161. Wittayanookulluk A152
  162. Wojnar M153
  163. Yasir S109
  164. Yitayih Y154
  165. Zhao M155
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Neuroscience and Addiction, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Integrated Substance Abuse Programs Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  4. 4. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  5. 5. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  9. 9. School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Surrey and Borders Partnership National Health Service Foundation Trust, Leatherhead, United Kingdom
  11. 11. Turning Point, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
  12. 12. Departments of Anthropology and Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
  13. 13. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
  14. 14. Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
  15. 15. Division of Population and Behavior Sciences, Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  16. 16. Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
  17. 17. National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Prof. Dr. Matei Bals-Arena OMT Department, Romania
  18. 18. Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
  19. 19. Alamal psychiatric hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  20. 20. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
  21. 21. Al Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
  22. 22. Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  23. 23. Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
  24. 24. State Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Institute of Mental Health, Pt BDS University of Health Sciences, India
  25. 25. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
  26. 26. Addiction Medicine Clinic, Jordan
  27. 27. Drug De-addiction and Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
  28. 28. Addiction Medicine Clinic, Mila, Algeria
  29. 29. Centre medical Marmottan, France
  30. 30. Reseau de Prevention des Addictions (RESPADD), France
  31. 31. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  32. 32. Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
  33. 33. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna, Austria
  34. 34. CUNY School of Medicine, New York, United States
  35. 35. Agenzija Sedqa, Malta
  36. 36. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milan-Bicocca, Italy
  37. 37. University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapce-Zagreb, Croatia
  38. 38. Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
  39. 39. Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
  40. 40. Addiction Medicine Clinic, Mexico
  41. 41. Addiction Crisis Solutions, United States
  42. 42. Department of Psychology, Indiana University Purdue University-Indianapolis, United States
  43. 43. SerT Lentini, ASP Siracusa, Italy
  44. 44. Rebirth Charity Society NGO, Tehran, Iran
  45. 45. Serenity Vista Addiction Treatment Center, Panama
  46. 46. Department of Psychiatry, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  47. 47. National Institute of Mental Health, Czech Republic
  48. 48. Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Antwerp University (UA), Belgium
  49. 49. Drug & Alcohol Clinical Services, Hunter New England Local Health District, Australia
  50. 50. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  51. 51. Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  52. 52. Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse, Nigeria
  53. 53. Addiction Medicine Clinic, Syrian Arab Republic
  54. 54. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Italy
  55. 55. Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
  56. 56. Brown University and Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI, United States
  57. 57. Fuderanan Mental Health Clinic, Philippines
  58. 58. Drug De-addiction & Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
  59. 59. Georgian Harm Reduction Network, Georgia
  60. 60. Organization Against Drugs, Primary Care Health Center, Veria, Greece
  61. 61. Addictions Services (Ser.D.), Department of Territorial Services, ASL Teramo, Italy
  62. 62. Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Singleton Campus, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
  63. 63. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
  64. 64. University of Sydney, Australia
  65. 65. Institutes for Cognitive Science Studies (IRICSS), Brain and Cognition Clinic, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  67. 67. Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, United States
  68. 68. Drugs Rehabilitation Center, National Narcotics Board of Indonesia, Indonesia
  69. 69. Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
  70. 70. National Institute of Education, Sri Lanka
  71. 71. Department of Psychiatry, Heritage Institute of Medical Sciences (HIMS), Varanasi, India
  72. 72. Univeristi Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
  73. 73. Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  74. 74. National Center for Mental Health of Korea, South Korea
  75. 75. Republican Center for Addictive Disorders, Lithuania
  76. 76. Addiction Medicine Clinic, North Macedonia
  77. 77. Naufar Institute, Doha, Qatar
  78. 78. The Kantchelov Clinic, Sofia, Bulgaria
  79. 79. Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, United States
  80. 80. African Institute for Development Policy, Malawi
  81. 81. Sobriety Centers of New Hampshire, United States
  82. 82. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  83. 83. Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yangsan, South Korea
  84. 84. Chatham House, United States
  85. 85. Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia
  86. 86. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia
  87. 87. Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, United States
  88. 88. Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
  89. 89. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
  90. 90. Israel Center on Addiction, Netanya, Israel
  91. 91. Community Health Work, Tanzania
  92. 92. Hayat Center for Treatment and Psycho-social Rehabilitation, Khartoum, Sudan
  93. 93. University of Botswana, Botswana
  94. 94. V.P. Dole, Dual Disorder Unit, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
  95. 95. CAS Girona, Department of Psychology, University of Girona, Spain
  96. 96. Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  97. 97. Community addiction team, Southern Health and Social Care Trust, United Kingdom
  98. 98. Priority Medical Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
  99. 99. Save the Children International Organization, Burma
  100. 100. Direccion de Investigaciones Epidemiologicas y Sociales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, United States
  101. 101. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka
  102. 102. Centre for Addiction Medicine, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
  103. 103. Kleopatra Kodric, Irena Nisic, Slovenia
  104. 104. Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
  105. 105. NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
  106. 106. Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
  107. 107. Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
  108. 108. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  109. 109. Institute of Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Center for Mental Health, Pakistan
  110. 110. Brijder Addiction Care, Zaandam, Netherlands
  111. 111. Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
  112. 112. Koh Kong Provincial Hospital, Cambodia
  113. 113. Kaiser Permanente, United States
  114. 114. Psychiatric hospital Sveti Ivan, Zagreb, Croatia
  115. 115. Department of Psychiatry and mental health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
  116. 116. Universidad de El Salvador, El Salvador
  117. 117. AddiPsy, Lyon, France
  118. 118. Addiction Medicine Clinic, Costa Rica
  119. 119. Novadic-Kentron Addiction Care Network, Vught, Netherlands
  120. 120. Phoenix Foundation for Research and Development, Pakistan
  121. 121. Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
  122. 122. Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
  123. 123. University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), QLD, Australia
  124. 124. Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
  125. 125. Drugs Rehabilitation Center, National Narcotics Board of Indonesia
  126. 126. Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
  127. 127. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  128. 128. Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Salamanca, Spain
  129. 129. PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
  130. 130. Street Health Centre, Canada
  131. 131. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
  132. 132. Department of Neurosciences and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  133. 133. Medical School, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
  134. 134. Clinica Psiquiatrica de la Facultad de Medicina, Uruguay
  135. 135. Center for Treatment of Drug addiction, University Psychiatric Clinic, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  136. 136. Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Lagankhel, Nepal
  137. 137. Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
  138. 138. Department of Psychiatry, Teine Keijinkai Medical Center, Japan
  139. 139. David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Family Medicine, United States
  140. 140. Health Professions Councils of Namibia, Namibia
  141. 141. Addiction Medicine Clinic, Uruguay
  142. 142. Asociasion Programa Andres Argentina, Argentina
  143. 143. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
  144. 144. MRC/CSO SPHSU, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
  145. 145. Gladsaxe Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centre, Denmark
  146. 146. Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Medical Research, Barcelona, Spain
  147. 147. NACADA, Kenya
  148. 148. Waikato District Health Board (WDHB, Hamilton, New Zealand
  149. 149. Institute of Addiction Medicine, United States
  150. 150. Jellinek, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  151. 151. Addictions Foundation of Manitoba, Canada
  152. 152. Thanyarak Chiangmai Hospital, Thailand
  153. 153. Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  154. 154. Jimma University, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China

Source: Frontiers in Psychiatry Published:2021


Abstract

Background and Aims: COVID-19 has infected more than 77 million people worldwide and impacted the lives of many more, with a particularly devastating impact on vulnerable populations, including people with substance use disorders (SUDs). Quarantines, travel bans, regulatory changes, social distancing, and “lockdown” measures have affected drug and alcohol supply chains and subsequently their availability, price, and use patterns, with possible downstream effects on presentations of SUDs and demand for treatment. Given the lack of multicentric epidemiologic studies, we conducted a rapid global survey within the International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM) network in order to understand the status of substance-use patterns during the current pandemic. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Worldwide. Participants: Starting on April 4, 2020 during a 5-week period, the survey received 185 responses from 77 countries. Measurements: To assess addiction medicine professionals' perceived changes in drug and alcohol supply, price, use pattern, and related complications during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Participants reported (among who answered “decreased” or “increased”) a decrease in drug supply (69.0%) and at the same time an increase in price (95.3%) globally. With respect to changes in use patterns, an increase in alcohol (71.7%), cannabis (63.0%), prescription opioids (70.9%), and sedative/hypnotics (84.6%) use was reported, while the use of amphetamines (59.7%), cocaine (67.5%), and opiates (58.2%) was reported to decrease overall. Conclusions: The global report on changes in the availability, use patterns, and complications of alcohol and drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic should be considered in making new policies and in developing mitigating measures and guidelines during the current pandemic (and probable future ones) in order to minimize risks to people with SUD. © Copyright © 2021 Farhoudian, Radfar, Mohaddes Ardabili, Rafei, Ebrahimi, Khojasteh Zonoozi, De Jong, Vahidi, Yunesian, Kouimtsidis, Arunogiri, Hansen, Brady, ISAM Global Survey Consortium (ISAM-GSC), Potenza, Baldacchino and Ekhtiari.