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Tramadol, Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes Publisher



Sheikholeslami B1 ; Jamali B2 ; Rouini M2
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  2. 2. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms# Prescription Medications# Caffeine and Areca# Polydrug Misuse# Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions Published:2016


Abstract

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid, which is currently one of the top most-prescribed medications in the United States. Tramadol and its active metabolite can relieve acute and chronic pain including musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain as well as postoperative, gynecological, obstetric, and cancerous pain. It has been supposed that tramadol has a low abuse potential. Therefore, it was approved as an unscheduled analgesic in the United States in 1994. Over time, evidence of increasing tramadol-related diversion and overdose caused it to be scheduled in some countries. The aim of this chapter is to review the pharmacokinetics, drug indications, probable adverse effects and drug interactions, and possible mechanisms relating to tramadol’s rewarding effects and abuse. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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