Associations Between Exploratory Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Federated Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data From 25 Cohort Studies Publisher Pubmed



Jannasch F^{1, 2, 3} ; Dietrich S^{1, 4} ; Bishop TRP⁵ ; Pearce M⁵ ; Fanidi A⁵ ; Odonoghue G⁶ ; Ogorman D⁷ ; Marquesvidal P⁸ ; Vollenweider P⁸ ; Besrastrollo M^{9, 10, 11} ; Byberg L¹² ; Wolk A^{12, 13} ; Hashemian M^{14, 15} ; Malekzadeh R¹⁴ Show All Authors
Source: European Journal of Nutrition Published:2022

Abstract

Purpose: In several studies, exploratory dietary patterns (DP), derived by principal component analysis, were inversely or positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, findings remained study-specific, inconsistent and rarely replicated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between DPs and T2D in multiple cohorts across the world. Methods: This federated meta-analysis of individual participant data was based on 25 prospective cohort studies from 5 continents including a total of 390,664 participants with a follow-up for T2D (3.8–25.0 years). After data harmonization across cohorts we evaluated 15 previously identified T2D-related DPs for association with incident T2D estimating pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) by Piecewise Poisson regression and random-effects meta-analysis. Results: 29,386 participants developed T2D during follow-up. Five DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, were associated with higher incidence of T2D. The strongest association was observed for a DP comprising these food groups besides others (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.104, 95% CI 1.059–1.151). Although heterogeneity was present (I2 = 85%), IRR exceeded 1 in 18 of the 20 meta-analyzed studies. Original DPs associated with lower T2D risk were not confirmed. Instead, a healthy DP (HDP1) was associated with higher T2D risk (IRRpooled per 1 SD = 1.057, 95% CI 1.027–1.088). Conclusion: Our findings from various cohorts revealed positive associations for several DPs, characterized by higher intake of red meat, processed meat, French fries and refined grains, adding to the evidence-base that links DPs to higher T2D risk. However, no inverse DP–T2D associations were confirmed. © 2022, The Author(s).