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Comprehensive Overview of Covid-19-Related Respiratory Failure: Focus on Cellular Interactions Publisher Pubmed



Zamani Rarani F1 ; Zamani Rarani M1 ; Hamblin MR2 ; Rashidi B1 ; Hashemian SMR3 ; Mirzaei H4, 5
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
  3. 3. Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  5. 5. Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, IR, Kashan, Iran

Source: Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters Published:2022


Abstract

The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created health challenges in all parts of the world. Understanding the entry mechanism of this virus into host cells is essential for effective treatment of COVID-19 disease. This virus can bind to various cell surface molecules or receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to gain cell entry. Respiratory failure and pulmonary edema are the most important causes of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, especially proinflammatory cytokines, are the main mediators of these complications. For normal respiratory function, a healthy air–blood barrier and sufficient blood flow to the lungs are required. In this review, we first discuss airway epithelial cells, airway stem cells, and the expression of COVID-19 receptors in the airway epithelium. Then, we discuss the suggested molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel damage in COVID-19. Coagulopathy can be caused by platelet activation leading to clots, which restrict blood flow to the lungs and lead to respiratory failure. Finally, we present an overview of the effects of immune and non-immune cells and cytokines in COVID-19-related respiratory failure. © 2022, The Author(s).
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