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Global, Regional, and National Age-Specific Progress Towards the 2020 Milestones of the Who End Tb Strategy: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Publisher Pubmed



Ledesma JR1 ; Ma J10 ; Zhang M1 ; Basting AVL1 ; Chu HT1, 2 ; Vongpradith A1 ; Novotney A1 ; Legrand KE1 ; Xu YY1 ; Dai X1, 2 ; Nicholson SI1 ; Stafford LK1 ; Carter A1 ; Ross JM1, 3, 4 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ledesma JR1
  2. Ma J10
  3. Zhang M1
  4. Basting AVL1
  5. Chu HT1, 2
  6. Vongpradith A1
  7. Novotney A1
  8. Legrand KE1
  9. Xu YY1
  10. Dai X1, 2
  11. Nicholson SI1
  12. Stafford LK1
  13. Carter A1
  14. Ross JM1, 3, 4
  15. Abbastabar H11
  16. Abdoun M18
  17. Abdulah DM19
  18. Aboagye RG21
  19. Abolhassani H12, 22
  20. Abrha WA23
  21. Abubaker Ali H25
  22. Abugharbieh E28
  23. Aburuz S32, 33
  24. Addo IY34, 35
  25. Adepoju AV36, 37
  26. Adhikari K38, 39
  27. Adnani QES40
  28. Adra S28
  29. Afework A43
  30. Aghamiri S45
  31. Agyemangduah W49
  32. Ahinkorah BO50
  33. Ahmad D51, 52
  34. Ahmad S53, 54
  35. Ahmadzade AM55
  36. Ahmed H58
  37. Ahmed M59
  38. Ahmed A61, 63
  39. Akinosoglou K64, 65
  40. Alahdal TMA66
  41. Alam N67, 68, 352
  42. Albashtawy M69
  43. Albataineh MT70
  44. Algheethi AAS71, 72
  45. Ali A73
  46. Ali EA74
  47. Ali L75
  48. Ali Z77
  49. Ali SSS78
  50. Allel K79, 81
  51. Altaf A83
  52. Altawfiq JA84, 85
  53. Alvisguzman N86, 88
  54. Alviszakzuk NJ87, 89
  55. Amani R90, 91
  56. Amusa GA93, 94
  57. Amzat J95, 97
  58. Andrews JR98, 173
  59. Anil A101, 107
  60. Anwer R108
  61. Aravkin AY1, 2, 5
  62. Areda D109, 110
  63. Artamonov AA111
  64. Aruleba RT112
  65. Asemahagn MA113
  66. Atre SR114, 115
  67. Aujayeb A117
  68. Azadi D118
  69. Azadnajafabad S13
  70. Azzam AY119, 120
  71. Badar M121
  72. Badiye AD122
  73. Bagherieh S123
  74. Bahadorikhalili S124
  75. Baig AA125
  76. Banach M130, 131
  77. Banik B132, 133
  78. Bardhan M134
  79. Barqawi HJ28
  80. Basharat Z135
  81. Baskaran P102
  82. Basu S136
  83. Beiranvand M137
  84. Belete MA138
  85. Belew MA140
  86. Belgaumi UI141
  87. Beloukas A142, 143
  88. Bettencourt PJG144
  89. Bhagavathula AS145
  90. Bhardwaj N103
  91. Bhardwaj P102, 104
  92. Bhargava A146
  93. Bhat V147
  94. Bhatti JS147
  95. Bhatti GK149
  96. Bikbov B150
  97. Bitra VR151
  98. Bjegovicmikanovic V152, 153
  99. Buonsenso D155, 157
  100. Burkart K1, 2
  101. Bustanji Y29, 158
  102. Butt ZA159, 160
  103. Camargos P161
  104. Cao Y163
  105. Carr S1
  106. Carvalho F164
  107. Cegolon L166, 167
  108. Cenderadewi M169, 172
  109. Cevik M173, 174
  110. Chahine Y6, 7
  111. Chattu VK175, 176
  112. Ching PR179
  113. Chopra H180
  114. Chung E1
  115. Claassens MM181, 182
  116. Coberly K1
  117. Cruzmartins N165, 183
  118. Dabo B184, 186
  119. Dadana S187
  120. Dadras O188, 189
  121. Darban I192
  122. Gela JD193
  123. Darwesh AM26
  124. Dashti M194
  125. Demessa BH195
  126. Demisse B196
  127. Demissie S197
  128. Derese AMA60
  129. Deribe K198, 199
  130. Desai HD200
  131. Devanbu VGC201
  132. Dhali A202
  133. Dhama K203
  134. Dhingra S204
  135. Do THP205
  136. Dongarwar D206
  137. Dsouza HL207, 210
  138. Dube J211
  139. Dziedzic AM212
  140. Eddra A213
  141. Efendi F214
  142. Effendi DE215
  143. Eftekharimehrabad A216, 217
  144. Ekadinata N218
  145. Ekundayo TC219
  146. Elhadi M221
  147. Elilo LT222
  148. Emeto TI170
  149. Bain LE223
  150. Fagbamigbe AF224, 226
  151. Fahim A126
  152. Feizkhah A227
  153. Fetensa G228
  154. Fischer F230
  155. Gaipov A231
  156. Gandhi AP232
  157. Gautam RK233
  158. Gebregergis MW234
  159. Gebrehiwot M139
  160. Gebrekidan KG236
  161. Ghaffari K238
  162. Ghassemi F14
  163. Ghazy RM239
  164. Goodridge A240
  165. Goyal A241
  166. Guan SY242
  167. Gudeta MD243
  168. Guled RA244
  169. Gultom NB246
  170. Gupta VB247
  171. Gupta VK248
  172. Gupta S249
  173. Hagins H1
  174. Hailu SG250
  175. Hailu WB229
  176. Hamidi S251
  177. Hanif A125
  178. Harapan H252
  179. Hasan RS80, 253
  180. Hassan S190, 191
  181. Haubold J254, 255
  182. Hezam K256, 257
  183. Hong SH258, 259
  184. Horita N260, 261
  185. Hossain MB262, 263
  186. Hosseinzadeh M27, 264
  187. Hostiuc M265
  188. Hostiuc S266, 268
  189. Huynh HH269
  190. Ibitoye SE225
  191. Ikuta KS1, 272
  192. Ilic IM154
  193. Ilic MD273
  194. Islam MR274
  195. Ismail NE275, 276
  196. Ismail F277, 278
  197. Jafarzadeh A279, 281
  198. Jakovljevic M283, 284
  199. Jalili M285
  200. Janodia MD286
  201. Jomehzadeh N289
  202. Jonas JB290, 291
  203. Joseph N208
  204. Joshua CE292
  205. Kabir Z293
  206. Kamble BD294, 295
  207. Kanchan T105
  208. Kandel H296, 298
  209. Kanmodi KK299, 300
  210. Kantar RS302, 303
  211. Karaye IM304, 305
  212. Behnagh AK306, 307
  213. Kassa GG24
  214. Kaur RJ101
  215. Kaur N309
  216. Khajuria H310
  217. Khamesipour F15, 280
  218. Khan YH311
  219. Nuruzzaman Khan M297, 312
  220. Suheb MZK313
  221. Khatab K314, 315
  222. Khatami F316
  223. Kim MS317
  224. Kosen S318
  225. Koul PA319
  226. Laxminarayana SLK320
  227. Krishan K321
  228. Bicer BK322
  229. Kuddus MA323
  230. Kulimbet M325, 326
  231. Kumar N208
  232. Lal DK327
  233. Landires I328, 329
  234. Latief K270, 330
  235. Le TDT333
  236. Le TTT332
  237. Ledda C334
  238. Lee M335
  239. Lee SW336
  240. Lerango TL44
  241. Lim SS1, 2
  242. Liu C337
  243. Liu X339, 340
  244. Lopukhov PD341
  245. Luo H342
  246. Lv H343
  247. Mahajan PB344
  248. Mahboobipour AA46
  249. Majeed A345
  250. Rad EM16
  251. Malhotra K346
  252. Malik MSA127
  253. Malinga LA347, 348
  254. Mallhi TH311
  255. Manilal A349
  256. Martinezguerra BA350
  257. Martinsmelo FR351
  258. Marzo RR352, 353
  259. Masoumiasl H308
  260. Mathur V354
  261. Maude RJ356, 357
  262. Mehrotra R358
  263. Memish ZA359, 360
  264. Mendoza W361
  265. Menezes RG362
  266. Merza MA20
  267. Mestrovic T1, 363
  268. Mhlanga L364, 365
  269. Misra S106
  270. Misra AK367
  271. Mithra P208
  272. Moazen B66, 368
  273. Mohammed H369
  274. Mokdad AH1, 2
  275. Monasta L371
  276. Moore CE372
  277. Mousavi P13
  278. Mulita F373, 374
  279. Musaigwa F375
  280. Muthusamy R177
  281. Nagarajan AJ376, 377
  282. Naghavi P378
  283. Naik GR379, 380
  284. Naik G381
  285. Nair S383, 384
  286. Nair TS385
  287. Natto ZS386, 387
  288. Nayak BP310
  289. Negash H235
  290. Nguyen DH182, 355
  291. Nguyen VT331
  292. Niazi RK388
  293. Nnaji CA389, 390
  294. Nnyanzi LA391
  295. Noman EA392, 393
  296. Nomura S394, 395
  297. Oancea B396
  298. Obamiro KO171
  299. Odetokun IA397
  300. Odo DBO398
  301. Odukoya OO399, 400
  302. Oh IH401
  303. Okereke CO1
  304. Okonji OC402
  305. Oren E9, 403
  306. Ortizbrizuela E404, 405
  307. Osuagwu UL407, 408
  308. Ouyahia A409, 410
  309. Mahesh Padukudru PA411
  310. Parija PP412
  311. Parikh RR413
  312. Park S414
  313. Parthasarathi A415, 416
  314. Patil S178, 417
  315. Pawar S418
  316. Peng M419, 420
  317. Pepito VCF421
  318. Peprah P422
  319. Perdigao J423
  320. Perico N424
  321. Pham HT425
  322. Postma MJ41, 426
  323. Prabhu ARA427
  324. Prasad M428
  325. Prashant A429
  326. Prates EJS162
  327. Rahim F430, 431
  328. Rahman M324, 338, 432
  329. Rahman MA324, 338, 432
  330. Rahmati M433
  331. Rajaa S434
  332. Ramasamy SK99
  333. Rao IR287
  334. Rao SJ435
  335. Rapaka D436
  336. Rashid AM437
  337. Ratan ZA438, 439
  338. Ravikumar N440
  339. Rawaf S345, 441
  340. Krishna Reddy MMR209
  341. Redwan EMM442, 443
  342. Remuzzi G424
  343. Reyes LF444, 445
  344. Rezaei N13
  345. Rezaeian M282
  346. Rezahosseini O446
  347. Rodrigues M447
  348. Roy P448
  349. De Andrade Ruela G449, 450
  350. Sabour S47
  351. Saddik B30
  352. Saeed U452, 453
  353. Safi SZ454, 455
  354. Saheb Sharifaskari N28
  355. Saheb Sharifaskari F31
  356. Sahebkar A56, 57
  357. Sahiledengle B456
  358. Sahoo SS457
  359. Salam N459
  360. Salami AA301, 460
  361. Saleem S461
  362. Saleh MA30, 462
  363. Kafil HS463
  364. Samadzadeh S464, 465
  365. Samodra YL271
  366. Sanjeev RK466
  367. Saravanan A101, 467
  368. Sawyer SM468, 469
  369. Selvaraj S470
  370. Senapati S148
  371. Senthilkumaran S471
  372. Shah PA472, 473
  373. Shahid S128, 129
  374. Shaikh MA474
  375. Sham S475
  376. Shamshirgaran MA476
  377. Shanawaz M477
  378. Sharath M478
  379. Sherchan SP479, 480
  380. Shetty RS288
  381. Shirzadaski H481
  382. Shittu A96
  383. Siddig EE62, 482
  384. Silva JP164
  385. Singh S101
  386. Singh P458
  387. Singh H483
  388. Singh JA382, 484
  389. Siraj MS485
  390. Siswanto S486
  391. Solanki R487, 488
  392. Solomon Y370
  393. Soriano JB489, 490
  394. Sreeramareddy CT491
  395. Srivastava VK492, 493
  396. Steiropoulos P494
  397. Swain CK495
  398. Tabuchi T496
  399. Tampa M184, 185, 267, 497
  400. Lukenze Tamuzi JJL366, 498
  401. Tat NY499, 500
  402. Oliaee RT92
  403. Teklay G237
  404. Tesfaye EG229
  405. Tessema B501
  406. Thangaraju P502
  407. Thapar R208
  408. Thum CCC503
  409. Ticoalu JHV504
  410. Tleyjeh IM505, 506
  411. Tobegai R507
  412. Toma TM508
  413. Tram KH8
  414. Udoakang AJ220
  415. Umar TP81
  416. Umeokonkwo CD509
  417. Vahabi SM17
  418. Vaithinathan AG510
  419. Van Boven JFM426
  420. Varthya SB101
  421. Wang Z406, 511
  422. Warsame MSA245, 513
  423. Westerman R514
  424. Wonde TE515
  425. Yaghoubi S516
  426. Yi S517, 518
  427. Yigit V519
  428. Yon DK520
  429. Yonemoto N521, 522
  430. Yu C523
  431. Zakham F451, 524
  432. Zangiabadian M48
  433. Zeukeng F156, 168
  434. Zhang H116, 512
  435. Zhao Y76
  436. Zheng P1, 2
  437. Zielinska M42
  438. Salomon JA100
  439. Naghavi M1, 2
  440. Vos T1, 2
  441. Hay SI1, 2
  442. Murray CJL1, 2
  443. Kyu HH1, 2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  2. 2. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  9. 9. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  10. 10. Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
  11. 11. Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  12. 12. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  14. 14. Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria
  19. 19. Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  20. 20. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  21. 21. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  22. 22. Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  23. 23. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  24. 24. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  25. 25. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  26. 26. Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  27. 27. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  28. 28. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  29. 29. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  30. 30. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  31. 31. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  32. 32. Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  33. 33. College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  34. 34. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  35. 35. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  36. 36. HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
  37. 37. Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
  38. 38. Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
  39. 39. Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
  40. 40. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
  41. 41. Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
  42. 42. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  43. 43. Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  44. 44. School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  45. 45. Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. Tracheal Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  48. 48. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  49. 49. Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  50. 50. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  51. 51. School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  52. 52. Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
  53. 53. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  54. 54. Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
  55. 55. Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  56. 56. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  57. 57. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  58. 58. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  59. 59. Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  60. 60. School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  61. 61. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  62. 62. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  63. 63. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  64. 64. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Greece, Patras, Greece
  65. 65. Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  66. 66. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  67. 67. Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  68. 68. Asian University for Women, McGill University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  69. 69. Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  70. 70. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  71. 71. Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  72. 72. Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
  73. 73. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  74. 74. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  75. 75. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  76. 76. Department of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
  77. 77. Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
  78. 78. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of SWAT, Swat, Pakistan
  79. 79. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  80. 80. Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  81. 81. Institute for Global Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar), University College London, London, United Kingdom
  82. 82. Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar), University College London, London, United Kingdom
  83. 83. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan
  84. 84. Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
  85. 85. Medicine Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
  86. 86. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia
  87. 87. Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia
  88. 88. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  89. 89. National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
  90. 90. Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
  91. 91. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  92. 92. Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  93. 93. Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
  94. 94. Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
  95. 95. Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  96. 96. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  97. 97. Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
  98. 98. Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  99. 99. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  100. 100. Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
  101. 101. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  102. 102. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  103. 103. Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  104. 104. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  105. 105. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  106. 106. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  107. 107. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  108. 108. Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  109. 109. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  110. 110. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  111. 111. Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  112. 112. East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  113. 113. School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  114. 114. Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, India
  115. 115. Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  116. 116. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  117. 117. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  118. 118. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  119. 119. Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc., Saint Paul, MN, United States
  120. 120. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
  121. 121. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  122. 122. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  123. 123. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  124. 124. NanoElectronics and Photonics Systems (MEPHOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
  125. 125. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  126. 126. Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  127. 127. Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  128. 128. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  129. 129. Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  130. 130. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  131. 131. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  132. 132. Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  133. 133. Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
  134. 134. Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States
  135. 135. Alpha Genomics, Islamabad, Pakistan
  136. 136. Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
  137. 137. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
  138. 138. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  139. 139. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  140. 140. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  141. 141. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth deemed to be University, Karad, India
  142. 142. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
  143. 143. Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  144. 144. Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
  145. 145. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
  146. 146. Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
  147. 147. Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  148. 148. Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  149. 149. Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
  150. 150. Scientific-Tools.org, Bergamo, Italy
  151. 151. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  152. 152. Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  153. 153. Centre School of Public Health and Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  154. 154. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  155. 155. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Roma, Italy
  156. 156. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
  157. 157. Global Health Research Institute, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred), Roma, Italy
  158. 158. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  159. 159. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  160. 160. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  161. 161. Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  162. 162. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  163. 163. School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
  164. 164. Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  165. 165. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  166. 166. Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  167. 167. Public Health Unit, Trieste, Italy
  168. 168. The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
  169. 169. College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  170. 170. Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  171. 171. James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  172. 172. Public Health Department, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
  173. 173. Department of Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  174. 174. Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  175. 175. Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  176. 176. Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  177. 177. Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  178. 178. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  179. 179. Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
  180. 180. Department of Biosciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
  181. 181. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
  182. 182. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
  183. 183. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education), Gandra, Portugal
  184. 184. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  185. 185. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  186. 186. Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
  187. 187. Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States
  188. 188. Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
  189. 189. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  190. 190. Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  191. 191. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  192. 192. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  193. 193. Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
  194. 194. Orthodontics Department, Georgia School of Orthodontics, Atlanta, GA, United States
  195. 195. USAID-JSI, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  196. 196. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  197. 197. Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  198. 198. Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex, Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
  199. 199. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  200. 200. Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
  201. 201. Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
  202. 202. Department of GI Surgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
  203. 203. Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
  204. 204. Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
  205. 205. Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
  206. 206. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  207. 207. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  208. 208. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  209. 209. Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  210. 210. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka State, Mangalore, India
  211. 211. Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
  212. 212. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  213. 213. Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
  214. 214. Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  215. 215. Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
  216. 216. Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
  217. 217. Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan
  218. 218. School of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul, Indonesia
  219. 219. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  220. 220. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  221. 221. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  222. 222. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  223. 223. Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  224. 224. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  225. 225. Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  226. 226. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  227. 227. Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  228. 228. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  229. 229. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  230. 230. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University), Berlin, Germany
  231. 231. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
  232. 232. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  233. 233. Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India
  234. 234. Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  235. 235. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  236. 236. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  237. 237. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  238. 238. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  239. 239. Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  240. 240. Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas, Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology), City of Knowledge, Panama
  241. 241. Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  242. 242. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
  243. 243. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia
  244. 244. College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  245. 245. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  246. 246. Claim and Utilization Management, Social Security Administrative Body for Health, Central Jakarta, Indonesia
  247. 247. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  248. 248. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  249. 249. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  250. 250. Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  251. 251. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  252. 252. Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  253. 253. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
  254. 254. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  255. 255. Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  256. 256. Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  257. 257. School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  258. 258. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  259. 259. Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, United Kingdom
  260. 260. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  261. 261. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  262. 262. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  263. 263. James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  264. 264. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  265. 265. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  266. 266. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  267. 267. Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  268. 268. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  269. 269. International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  270. 270. Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  271. 271. School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  272. 272. Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  273. 273. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  274. 274. Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  275. 275. Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia
  276. 276. Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
  277. 277. Clinical Laboratory, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya
  278. 278. Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Center for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya
  279. 279. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  280. 280. Research Center for Hydatid Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  281. 281. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  282. 282. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  283. 283. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
  284. 284. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  285. 285. Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  286. 286. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  287. 287. Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  288. 288. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  289. 289. Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  290. 290. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  291. 291. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  292. 292. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  293. 293. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  294. 294. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
  295. 295. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  296. 296. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  297. 297. Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  298. 298. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  299. 299. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  300. 300. Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  301. 301. Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  302. 302. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
  303. 303. Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  304. 304. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  305. 305. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  306. 306. Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  307. 307. Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  308. 308. Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  309. 309. Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India
  310. 310. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  311. 311. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  312. 312. Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  313. 313. Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Luke's Aurora Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
  314. 314. College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  315. 315. College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
  316. 316. Urology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  317. 317. Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  318. 318. Jakarta, Indonesia
  319. 319. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  320. 320. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India
  321. 321. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  322. 322. Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  323. 323. Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  324. 324. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  325. 325. Department of Health Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  326. 326. Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  327. 327. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  328. 328. Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  329. 329. Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
  330. 330. Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  331. 331. Department of General Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  332. 332. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  333. 333. Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  334. 334. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  335. 335. Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
  336. 336. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  337. 337. Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  338. 338. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  339. 339. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  340. 340. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  341. 341. Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  342. 342. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  343. 343. Department of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
  344. 344. Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India
  345. 345. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  346. 346. Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
  347. 347. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  348. 348. Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
  349. 349. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  350. 350. Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
  351. 351. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
  352. 352. Department of Public Health, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
  353. 353. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  354. 354. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  355. 355. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  356. 356. Epidemiology Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  357. 357. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  358. 358. India Cancer Research Consortium, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  359. 359. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  360. 360. Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  361. 361. Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
  362. 362. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  363. 363. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  364. 364. Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
  365. 365. South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  366. 366. Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  367. 367. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India
  368. 368. Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
  369. 369. Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  370. 370. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  371. 371. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  372. 372. Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
  373. 373. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  374. 374. Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  375. 375. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  376. 376. Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  377. 377. Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
  378. 378. Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  379. 379. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  380. 380. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  381. 381. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  382. 382. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  383. 383. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India
  384. 384. Health Action by People, Trivandrum, India
  385. 385. Department of Community Medicine, MOSC Medical College, Kolenchery, India
  386. 386. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  387. 387. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  388. 388. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  389. 389. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  390. 390. School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  391. 391. Center for Public Health, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
  392. 392. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  393. 393. Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
  394. 394. Department of Health Policy and Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
  395. 395. Department of Global Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  396. 396. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  397. 397. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
  398. 398. Department of Public Health, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
  399. 399. Department of Community Health and Primary Care, University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Nigeria
  400. 400. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
  401. 401. Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
  402. 402. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  403. 403. Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
  404. 404. Department of Medicine, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
  405. 405. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  406. 406. Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  407. 407. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  408. 408. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  409. 409. Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  410. 410. Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  411. 411. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  412. 412. Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India
  413. 413. Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
  414. 414. Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
  415. 415. Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  416. 416. Research Center, Allergy Asthma and Chest Center, Mysore, India
  417. 417. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  418. 418. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  419. 419. Department of Infection Control, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
  420. 420. The First Clinical College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  421. 421. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  422. 422. Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
  423. 423. Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  424. 424. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  425. 425. School of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  426. 426. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  427. 427. Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal, India
  428. 428. Department of Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
  429. 429. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  430. 430. Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  431. 431. Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  432. 432. Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  433. 433. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
  434. 434. Department of Community Medicine, Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India
  435. 435. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India
  436. 436. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
  437. 437. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  438. 438. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  439. 439. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  440. 440. Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  441. 441. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  442. 442. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  443. 443. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  444. 444. Unisabana Center for Translational Science, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
  445. 445. Critical Care Department, Clinica Universidad De La Sabana, Chia, Colombia
  446. 446. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  447. 447. Department of Geography and Demography, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  448. 448. Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
  449. 449. Juiz de For a Federal University, Advanced Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Brazil
  450. 450. Nursing Department, Universidade Presidente Antonio Carlos (President Antonio Carlos University), Governador Valadares, Brazil
  451. 451. Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  452. 452. Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  453. 453. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  454. 454. Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
  455. 455. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  456. 456. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  457. 457. Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  458. 458. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  459. 459. Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
  460. 460. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  461. 461. Department of Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  462. 462. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  463. 463. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  464. 464. Department of Neurology, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  465. 465. Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  466. 466. Department of Pediatrics, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni, India
  467. 467. Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  468. 468. Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  469. 469. Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  470. 470. Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
  471. 471. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  472. 472. Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  473. 473. HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Department, Healthcare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India
  474. 474. Karachi, Pakistan
  475. 475. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York City, NY, United States
  476. 476. Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
  477. 477. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  478. 478. Department of Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
  479. 479. Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  480. 480. Environmental Health Sciences Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  481. 481. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  482. 482. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  483. 483. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
  484. 484. Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  485. 485. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  486. 486. National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
  487. 487. Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY, United States
  488. 488. Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin (French Part)
  489. 489. Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (Princess University Hospital), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  490. 490. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
  491. 491. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  492. 492. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  493. 493. Department of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal, India
  494. 494. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  495. 495. Department of Analytical, Applied Economics Department, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  496. 496. Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
  497. 497. Department of Dermato-Venereology, Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
  498. 498. Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia
  499. 499. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  500. 500. Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  501. 501. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  502. 502. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
  503. 503. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
  504. 504. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  505. 505. Infectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  506. 506. Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  507. 507. Department of Social Security Empirical Research, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Tokyo, Japan
  508. 508. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  509. 509. Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
  510. 510. College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain
  511. 511. China Centre for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
  512. 512. School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
  513. 513. Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Amref Health Africa, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  514. 514. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  515. 515. Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  516. 516. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  517. 517. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  518. 518. KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
  519. 519. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel), Isparta, Turkey
  520. 520. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  521. 521. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  522. 522. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  523. 523. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  524. 524. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen

Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis for 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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