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Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: A Meta-Analysis From 2000 to 2020 Publisher Pubmed



Little JA65, 494 ; Congdon NG1, 2, 3, 66, 67 ; Resnikoff S3, 4, 5, 68 ; Braithwaite T6, 7, 69, 70 ; Leasher J8, 72 ; Naidoo K9, 10, 68, 73 ; Fricke T11, 12, 13, 68, 74 ; Tapply I14 ; Fernandes AG15, 16, 75 ; Cicinelli MV17, 18, 76 ; Arrigo A19, 77 ; Leveziel N20, 21, 78, 79 ; Taylor HR22 ; Sedighi T23 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Little JA65, 494
  2. Congdon NG1, 2, 3, 66, 67
  3. Resnikoff S3, 4, 5, 68
  4. Braithwaite T6, 7, 69, 70
  5. Leasher J8, 72
  6. Naidoo K9, 10, 68, 73
  7. Fricke T11, 12, 13, 68, 74
  8. Tapply I14
  9. Fernandes AG15, 16, 75
  10. Cicinelli MV17, 18, 76
  11. Arrigo A19, 77
  12. Leveziel N20, 21, 78, 79
  13. Taylor HR22
  14. Sedighi T23
  15. Flaxman S23, 24, 82
  16. Parodi MB25
  17. Bikbov MM26
  18. Bron A27
  19. Cheng CY28, 29
  20. Del Monte MA30, 31
  21. Ehrlich JR32, 33, 215, 216
  22. Ellwein LB34
  23. Friedman D35
  24. Furtado JM36, 234
  25. Gazzard G37
  26. George R39
  27. Hartnett ME40
  28. Jonas JB41, 286, 287, 388
  29. Kahloun R42
  30. Kempen JH42, 43, 44, 45, 46
  31. Khairallah M47
  32. Khanna RC10, 48, 49, 50
  33. Kim JE51
  34. Lansingh VC52, 53, 54, 322, 323
  35. Nangia V55
  36. Nowak M56
  37. Pesudovs K57
  38. Peto T59
  39. Ramulu P60
  40. Topouzis F61
  41. Tsilimbaris M62
  42. Wang YX63
  43. Wang N64
  44. Bourne R22, 23
  45. Tahhan N68
  46. Briant PS80
  47. Vos T80, 81
  48. Abate YH83
  49. Dolatabadi ZA84
  50. Abdelmasseh M85
  51. Abdollahi M86, 87
  52. Abebe AM88
  53. Abiodun O89
  54. Aboagye RG90
  55. Abrha WA91
  56. Ali HA92
  57. Abugharbieh E93
  58. Aburuz S94, 95
  59. Adal TGG96
  60. Adamu LH97
  61. Adderley NJ98
  62. Addo IY99, 100
  63. Adekiya TA101
  64. Adhikari K102, 103
  65. Adnani QES104
  66. Afzal S105, 106
  67. Aghamiri S107
  68. Agodi A108
  69. Agyemangduah W109
  70. Ahinkorah BO110
  71. Ahmad A111
  72. Ahmadzadeh H112
  73. Ahmed A113, 114
  74. Ahmed H115
  75. Alahdab F116
  76. Albashtawy M117
  77. Albataineh MT118
  78. Alemu T119, 120
  79. Alfaar AS121, 122
  80. Alhalaiqa FAN123, 124
  81. Alhassan RK125
  82. Ali A126
  83. Ali SSS127
  84. Almidani L128, 129
  85. Alzoubi KH130, 131
  86. Androudi S132
  87. Anguita R133, 134
  88. Anil A135, 136
  89. Anyasodor AE137
  90. Arabloo J138
  91. Aravkin AY80, 81, 139
  92. Areda D140, 141
  93. Asgedom AA142
  94. Ashemo MY143, 144
  95. Ashraf T145
  96. Athari SS146
  97. Atinafu BTT147
  98. Wahbi Atout MM148
  99. Atreya A149
  100. Ayatollahi H138, 150
  101. Azzam AY151, 152
  102. Bagherieh S153
  103. Bai R154
  104. Baig AA155
  105. Bailey F156
  106. Baltatu OC157
  107. Barati S158
  108. Barchitta M159
  109. Bardhan M160
  110. Barnighausen TW161, 162
  111. Barrow A163, 164
  112. Parodi MB25
  113. Bayileyegn NS167
  114. Berhie AY168
  115. Bhadra A169
  116. Bhagavathula ASS170
  117. Bhardwaj P171, 172
  118. Bhaskar S173, 174
  119. Bhat AN175
  120. Bhatti GK176
  121. Bikbov M177
  122. Birck MG178, 179
  123. Bustanji Y180, 181
  124. Butt ZA182, 183
  125. Dos Santos FLC184
  126. Carneiro VLA185, 186
  127. Cenderadewi M187, 188
  128. Chanie GS189
  129. Cherbuin N190
  130. Chu DT191
  131. Coberly K80
  132. Cruzmartins N192, 193
  133. Dadras O194, 195
  134. Dai X80, 81
  135. Dandona L80, 196, 197
  136. Dandona R80, 81, 196
  137. Dascalu AM198, 199
  138. Dastiridou A200, 201
  139. Dejenie TA202
  140. Demeke D203
  141. Dereje D204
  142. Dervenis N205, 206
  143. Devanbu VGC207
  144. Diaz D208, 209
  145. Diress M210
  146. Do TC211
  147. Do THP212
  148. Dziedzic AM213
  149. Edinur HA214
  150. Ekholuenetale M217, 218
  151. Elhabashy HR219
  152. Elhadi M220
  153. Emamian MH221
  154. Emamverdi M222
  155. Etemadimanesh A223
  156. Fagbamigbe AF217, 224
  157. Farrokhpour H225, 226
  158. Fatehizadeh A227
  159. Feizkhah A228
  160. Desideri LF229
  161. Fetensa G230
  162. Fischer F231
  163. Forouhari A232, 233
  164. Gadanya MA235, 236
  165. Gaidhane AM237
  166. Gandhi AP238
  167. Gebi TG240
  168. Gebrehiwot M241
  169. Gebremeskel GG242, 243
  170. Gela YY210
  171. Yazdi BG244
  172. Falavarjani KG245
  173. Ghassemi F246
  174. Ghozy S247
  175. Golchin A248, 249
  176. Golechha M250
  177. Goleij P251, 252
  178. Guan SY253
  179. Gupta S254
  180. Gupta VK255
  181. Haddadi R256
  182. Haile TG242
  183. Hammond BR257
  184. Harorani M258
  185. Hasaballah AI259
  186. Hasan I260
  187. Hasani H261
  188. Hassanianmoghaddam H262, 263
  189. Heidari G264
  190. Heyi DZ265
  191. Holla R266
  192. Hosseinzadeh M267, 268
  193. Hu C269
  194. Huynh HH270
  195. Hwang BF271, 272
  196. Iavicoli I273
  197. Ilic IM274
  198. Immurana M125
  199. Islam SMS275, 276
  200. Jacob L277, 278
  201. Jafarzadeh A279, 280
  202. Jakovljevic M281, 282
  203. Janodia MD283
  204. Jayapal SK284
  205. Jayaram S285
  206. Joseph N288
  207. Joshua CE289
  208. Kamath S290
  209. Kandel H291, 292
  210. Karaye IM293, 294
  211. Kasraei H245, 295
  212. Kaup S296
  213. Kaur H297
  214. Kaur N298
  215. Kayode GA299, 300
  216. Khader YS301
  217. Khajuria H302
  218. Khalilov R303, 304
  219. Khan A305
  220. Khatatbeh MM306
  221. Khatib MN307
  222. Kibret BG308
  223. Kim YJ309
  224. Kisa A310, 311
  225. Kisa S312
  226. Kosen S313
  227. Koyanagi A314
  228. Krishan K315
  229. Bicer BK316
  230. Kumar N288
  231. Kutikuppala LVS317
  232. Lahariya C318, 319
  233. Laksono T320, 321
  234. Lal DK196
  235. Lee M324
  236. Lee SW325
  237. Lee WC326
  238. Lim SS80, 81
  239. Liu X327, 328
  240. Maharaj SB329, 330
  241. Mahmoudi A331
  242. Malhotra K332
  243. Malik AA155, 333
  244. Malik I334
  245. Mallhi TH335
  246. Mansouri V336
  247. Marzo RR337, 338
  248. Maugeri A159
  249. Meles GG339
  250. Mersha AM340
  251. Mestrovic T80, 341
  252. Miller TR342
  253. Mirzaei M345
  254. Misganaw A81, 346
  255. Misra S347
  256. Mithra P288
  257. Mohammadi S225
  258. Mohammadianhafshejani A348
  259. Mohammadzadeh M349
  260. Mojiriforushani H350
  261. Mokdad AH80, 81
  262. Momenimoghaddam H351, 352
  263. Montazeri F353, 354
  264. Moradi M355
  265. Mousavi P353
  266. Murray CJL80, 81
  267. Naik GR356, 357
  268. Naik G358
  269. Natto ZS359, 360
  270. Naveed M361
  271. Nayak BP302
  272. Negash H362
  273. Nejadghaderi SA354, 363
  274. Nguyen DH364, 365
  275. Nguyen DH364, 365
  276. Nguyen HQ368
  277. Nguyen PT369
  278. Nguyen VT370
  279. Niazi RK371
  280. Noman EA372, 373
  281. Oancea B374
  282. Okonji OC375
  283. Olagunju AT376, 377
  284. Olufadewa II218, 378
  285. Onwujekwe OE379
  286. Opejin AO380
  287. Ordak M381
  288. Osuagwu UL382, 383
  289. Otstavnov N384
  290. Owolabi MO385, 386
  291. Padubidri JR387
  292. Pandey A196
  293. Pardhan S22
  294. Parsaei A353
  295. Patel J389, 390
  296. Pawar S391
  297. Perianayagam A392
  298. Perumalsamy N393, 394
  299. Petcu IR395
  300. Pham HT396
  301. Pourazizi M232
  302. Prates EJS397
  303. Qattea I398
  304. Raghav PR171
  305. Rahman MHU399
  306. Rahman M400
  307. Ramasamy SK401
  308. Ramasubramani P402
  309. Rashidi MM262, 353
  310. Redwan EMM403, 404
  311. Rezaei N353
  312. Rodriguez JAB405, 406
  313. Saadatian Z407, 408
  314. Sabour S409
  315. Saddik B410
  316. Saeed U411, 412
  317. Safi S413, 414
  318. Saghazadeh A415
  319. Sharifaskari FS416
  320. Sharifaskari NS417
  321. Sahebkar A418, 419
  322. Sahraian MA420
  323. Sakshaug JW421, 422
  324. Saleh MA423, 424
  325. Samadzadeh S425, 426
  326. Samodra YL427
  327. Samy AM428, 429
  328. Saylan M430
  329. Selvaraj S431
  330. Sethi Y432
  331. Seylani A433
  332. Shahwan MJ434
  333. Shaikh MA435
  334. Shamim MA135
  335. Shashamo BB340
  336. Shiferaw WS436
  337. Shigematsu M437
  338. Shittu A438
  339. Shobeiri P439, 440
  340. Shorofi SA441, 442
  341. Sibhat MM443
  342. Siddig EE444, 445
  343. Silva JC446
  344. Singh JA447, 448
  345. Singh P449
  346. Sotoudeh H450
  347. Sousa RARC451
  348. Sreeramareddy CT452
  349. Tabish M453
  350. Taheri M454, 455
  351. Tan Y456
  352. Taye BT147
  353. Temsah MH457
  354. Ticoalu JHV458
  355. Tillawi T459
  356. Tiruneh MG460
  357. Tsatsakis A461
  358. Tsegay GM242
  359. Tsilimbaris MK462
  360. Ty SS463
  361. Ubah CS464, 465
  362. Umair M466, 467
  363. Tahbaz SV468, 469
  364. Valizadeh R470
  365. Viskadourou M471
  366. Wassie GT472
  367. Wickramasinghe ND473
  368. Wondimagegn GS474, 475
  369. Yahya G476, 477
  370. Yang L478, 479
  371. Yao Y480, 481
  372. Yigit A482
  373. Yismaw Y483, 484
  374. Yonemoto N485, 486
  375. You Y291, 345
  376. Zastrozhin MS487, 488, 490
  377. Zenebe GA489
  378. Zhao H491
  379. Zielinska M492
  380. Zoladl M493
  381. Steinmetz JD80
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Orbis International, NY, United States
  3. 3. Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
  4. 4. Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  5. 5. School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  6. 6. School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
  7. 7. The Medical Eye Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  8. 8. Nova Southeastern University College for Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  9. 9. African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
  10. 10. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  11. 11. Australian College of Optometry, VIC, Australia
  12. 12. University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  13. 13. UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  14. 14. Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  15. 15. Federal University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo/SP, Brazil
  16. 16. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  17. 17. School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
  18. 18. Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
  19. 19. Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
  20. 20. University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
  21. 21. CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
  22. 22. School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
  23. 23. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  24. 24. Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  25. 25. Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
  26. 26. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
  27. 27. University Hospital, Dijon, France
  28. 28. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  29. 29. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
  30. 30. University of Michigan, Singapore, Singapore
  31. 31. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, 48105, MI, United States
  32. 32. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, MI, United States
  33. 33. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, MI, United States
  34. 34. National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
  35. 35. Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, United States
  36. 36. Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  37. 37. Institute of Ophthalmology UCL & amp
  38. 38. NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bethesda, MD, United States
  39. 39. Sankara Nethralaya, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, 600006, India
  40. 40. Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
  41. 41. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  42. 42. Associated Ophthalmologists of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
  43. 43. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  44. 44. Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  45. 45. Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  46. 46. Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, United States
  47. 47. Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia
  48. 48. Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
  49. 49. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India
  50. 50. University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
  51. 51. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, TX, United States
  52. 52. HelpMeSee, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, New York, 10018-8005, NY, United States
  53. 53. University of Miami, Coral Gables, 33146, FL, United States
  54. 54. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84112, UT, United States
  55. 55. Suraj Eye Instate, 559, New colony, Nagpur, India
  56. 56. Institute of Optics and Optometry, University of Social Science, 121 Gdanska str., Lodz, 90-519, Poland
  57. 57. Medicine & amp
  58. 58. Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  59. 59. Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, BT15 1ED, United Kingdom
  60. 60. John Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, United States
  61. 61. 1st Department of Ophthamology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ahepa Hospital, Thessaloniki, 546 36, Greece
  62. 62. University of Crete Medical School, Giofirakia, 715 00, Greece
  63. 63. Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthamology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
  64. 64. Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  65. 65. School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
  66. 66. Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom
  67. 67. ORBIS International, New York, NY, United States
  68. 68. School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  69. 69. Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
  70. 70. International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & amp
  71. 71. Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  72. 72. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
  73. 73. Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  74. 74. Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  75. 75. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  76. 76. Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
  77. 77. Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
  78. 78. Ophthalmology Department, CHU de Poitiers (Poitiers University Hospital), Poitiers, France
  79. 79. Unite 1084, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France
  80. 80. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  81. 81. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  82. 82. Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  83. 83. Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
  84. 84. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  85. 85. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  86. 86. The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  87. 87. School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  88. 88. Pediatrics Nursing Department, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  89. 89. Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
  90. 90. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  91. 91. Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  92. 92. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  93. 93. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  94. 94. Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  95. 95. College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  96. 96. Department of Public Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  97. 97. Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
  98. 98. Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  99. 99. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  100. 100. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  101. 101. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  102. 102. School of Public Health, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
  103. 103. Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
  104. 104. Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
  105. 105. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  106. 106. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  107. 107. Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  108. 108. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  109. 109. Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
  110. 110. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  111. 111. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  112. 112. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
  113. 113. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  114. 114. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  115. 115. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  116. 116. Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
  117. 117. Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  118. 118. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  119. 119. Department of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  120. 120. Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health (MOH), Hawassa, Ethiopia
  121. 121. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
  122. 122. Department of Ophthalmology, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  123. 123. College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  124. 124. Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  125. 125. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  126. 126. Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  127. 127. Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of SWAT, Swat, Pakistan
  128. 128. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
  129. 129. Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  130. 130. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  131. 131. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  132. 132. Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  133. 133. Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
  134. 134. Department of Vitreoretinal, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
  135. 135. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  136. 136. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  137. 137. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  138. 138. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  139. 139. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  140. 140. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  141. 141. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  142. 142. Department of Environmental Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  143. 143. Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  144. 144. Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
  145. 145. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  146. 146. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  147. 147. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  148. 148. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  149. 149. Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
  150. 150. Department of Health Information Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  151. 151. Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc., Saint Paul, MN, United States
  152. 152. Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Giza Governorate, Egypt
  153. 153. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  154. 154. School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
  155. 155. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  156. 156. Big Data Institute - GRAM Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  157. 157. Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
  158. 158. Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  159. 159. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  160. 160. Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States
  161. 161. Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  162. 162. T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  163. 163. Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
  164. 164. Department of Public & amp
  165. 165. Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  166. 166. Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
  167. 167. Department of Surgery, Jimma University, jimma, Ethiopia
  168. 168. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  169. 169. Department of Pharmacology, Popular Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  170. 170. Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
  171. 171. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  172. 172. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  173. 173. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  174. 174. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  175. 175. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  176. 176. Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
  177. 177. Epidemiology Department, Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russian Federation
  178. 178. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
  179. 179. Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
  180. 180. Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  181. 181. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  182. 182. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  183. 183. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  184. 184. Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  185. 185. School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
  186. 186. Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  187. 187. College of Public Health, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
  188. 188. Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
  189. 189. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  190. 190. Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  191. 191. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  192. 192. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  193. 193. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  194. 194. Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
  195. 195. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  196. 196. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  197. 197. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  198. 198. Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  199. 199. Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
  200. 200. dummy2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  201. 201. Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  202. 202. Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  203. 203. Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  204. 204. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  205. 205. St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
  206. 206. Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  207. 207. Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
  208. 208. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  209. 209. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  210. 210. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  211. 211. Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  212. 212. Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
  213. 213. Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
  214. 214. School of Health Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  215. 215. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  216. 216. Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
  217. 217. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  218. 218. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  219. 219. Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  220. 220. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  221. 221. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  222. 222. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  223. 223. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  224. 224. Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  225. 225. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  226. 226. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  227. 227. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  228. 228. Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  229. 229. University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  230. 230. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  231. 231. Institute of Public Health, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  232. 232. Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  233. 233. Emergency Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  234. 234. Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
  235. 235. Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria
  236. 236. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  237. 237. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  238. 238. Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & amp
  239. 239. Hospital, Hyderabad, India
  240. 240. Health Sciences Department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  241. 241. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  242. 242. Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  243. 243. Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  244. 244. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  245. 245. Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  246. 246. Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  247. 247. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  248. 248. Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  249. 249. Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  250. 250. Health Systems and Policy Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  251. 251. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  252. 252. Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  253. 253. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
  254. 254. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  255. 255. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  256. 256. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  257. 257. Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
  258. 258. Department of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  259. 259. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  260. 260. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  261. 261. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  262. 262. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  263. 263. Chapter of Addiction Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  264. 264. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
  265. 265. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  266. 266. Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  267. 267. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  268. 268. Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  269. 269. Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
  270. 270. School of Biotechnology, Tan Tao University, Long An, Viet Nam
  271. 271. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  272. 272. Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
  273. 273. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
  274. 274. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  275. 275. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
  276. 276. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  277. 277. Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  278. 278. Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
  279. 279. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  280. 280. Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  281. 281. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St, Petersburg, Russian Federation
  282. 282. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  283. 283. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  284. 284. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  285. 285. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  286. 286. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  287. 287. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  288. 288. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  289. 289. Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  290. 290. Manipal Institute of Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  291. 291. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  292. 292. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  293. 293. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  294. 294. Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
  295. 295. Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  296. 296. Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  297. 297. Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
  298. 298. Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India
  299. 299. International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
  300. 300. Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  301. 301. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  302. 302. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  303. 303. Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
  304. 304. Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan
  305. 305. Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Oman, Nizwa, Oman
  306. 306. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  307. 307. Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
  308. 308. Department of Medical Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  309. 309. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
  310. 310. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  311. 311. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  312. 312. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  313. 313. Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
  314. 314. San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
  315. 315. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  316. 316. Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
  317. 317. Department of General Surgery, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, India
  318. 318. Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
  319. 319. SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
  320. 320. Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  321. 321. Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
  322. 322. Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, United States
  323. 323. Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
  324. 324. Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
  325. 325. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
  326. 326. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  327. 327. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  328. 328. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  329. 329. School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  330. 330. Fellow, Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States
  331. 331. Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  332. 332. Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
  333. 333. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  334. 334. Electrical Engineering Department, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  335. 335. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  336. 336. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  337. 337. Department of Public Health, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
  338. 338. Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
  339. 339. School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  340. 340. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  341. 341. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  342. 342. Pacific Institute for Research & amp
  343. 343. Evaluation, Calverton, MD, United States
  344. 344. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  345. 345. Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  346. 346. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  347. 347. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  348. 348. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  349. 349. Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  350. 350. Department of Pharmacology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  351. 351. Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  352. 352. Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  353. 353. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  354. 354. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  355. 355. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  356. 356. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
  357. 357. Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  358. 358. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  359. 359. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  360. 360. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  361. 361. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  362. 362. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  363. 363. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  364. 364. Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  365. 365. Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  366. 366. Cardiovascular Laboratory, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, Merrillville, IN, United States
  367. 367. Department of Allergy, Immunology and Dermatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  368. 368. Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, United States
  369. 369. Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam
  370. 370. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  371. 371. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  372. 372. Department of Applied Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Taiz, Yemen
  373. 373. Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
  374. 374. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  375. 375. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  376. 376. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  377. 377. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  378. 378. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  379. 379. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
  380. 380. Geography Department, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  381. 381. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  382. 382. School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
  383. 383. Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
  384. 384. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  385. 385. Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  386. 386. Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  387. 387. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
  388. 388. Privatpraxis, Heidelberg, Germany
  389. 389. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  390. 390. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  391. 391. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  392. 392. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  393. 393. Department of Zoology, Yadava College, Madurai, India
  394. 394. Department of Zoology, Annai Fathima College, Madurai, India
  395. 395. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  396. 396. Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  397. 397. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  398. 398. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  399. 399. Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  400. 400. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  401. 401. Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
  402. 402. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  403. 403. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt
  404. 404. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  405. 405. Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  406. 406. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  407. 407. Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  408. 408. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  409. 409. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  410. 410. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  411. 411. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  412. 412. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  413. 413. Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  414. 414. Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  415. 415. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  416. 416. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  417. 417. Clinical Sciences Department, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  418. 418. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  419. 419. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  420. 420. Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  421. 421. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  422. 422. Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
  423. 423. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  424. 424. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  425. 425. Department of Neurology, Charite University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  426. 426. Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  427. 427. School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  428. 428. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  429. 429. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  430. 430. Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
  431. 431. Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
  432. 432. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
  433. 433. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  434. 434. Department of Clinical Sciences, Al-Quds University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  435. 435. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  436. 436. Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  437. 437. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  438. 438. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  439. 439. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  440. 440. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  441. 441. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  442. 442. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
  443. 443. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  444. 444. Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  445. 445. Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  446. 446. Family, Health Promotion, and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization, Bogota, Colombia
  447. 447. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  448. 448. Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  449. 449. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  450. 450. Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  451. 451. Directive Board, Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
  452. 452. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  453. 453. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  454. 454. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  455. 455. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  456. 456. Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
  457. 457. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  458. 458. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  459. 459. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  460. 460. Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  461. 461. Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  462. 462. Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
  463. 463. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  464. 464. Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
  465. 465. College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
  466. 466. Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  467. 467. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  468. 468. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  469. 469. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  470. 470. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  471. 471. Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  472. 472. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  473. 473. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  474. 474. Department of Ophthalmology Research, Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho
  475. 475. Ophthalmology Unit, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  476. 476. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  477. 477. Department of Cells and Tissues, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  478. 478. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
  479. 479. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
  480. 480. China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
  481. 481. Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
  482. 482. Department of Health Management, Suleyman Demirel Universitesi (Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Turkey
  483. 483. Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  484. 484. Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  485. 485. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  486. 486. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  487. 487. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  488. 488. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  489. 489. Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  490. 490. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  491. 491. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
  492. 492. Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  493. 493. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  494. 494. Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, United Kingdom

Source: Eye (Basingstoke) Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Uncorrected refractive error (URE) is a readily treatable cause of visual impairment (VI). This study provides updated estimates of global and regional vision loss due to URE, presenting temporal change for VISION 2020 Methods: Data from population-based eye disease surveys from 1980–2018 were collected. Hierarchical models estimated prevalence (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]) of blindness (presenting visual acuity (VA) < 3/60) and moderate-to-severe vision impairment (MSVI; 3/60 ≤ presenting VA < 6/18) caused by URE, stratified by age, sex, region, and year. Near VI prevalence from uncorrected presbyopia was defined as presenting near VA < N6/N8 at 40 cm when best-corrected distance (VA ≥ 6/12). Results: In 2020, 3.7 million people (95%UI 3.10–4.29) were blind and 157 million (140–176) had MSVI due to URE, a 21.8% increase in blindness and 72.0% increase in MSVI since 2000. Age-standardised prevalence of URE blindness and MSVI decreased by 30.5% (30.7–30.3) and 2.4% (2.6–2.2) respectively during this time. In 2020, South Asia GBD super-region had the highest 50+ years age-standardised URE blindness (0.33% (0.26–0.40%)) and MSVI (10.3% (8.82–12.10%)) rates. The age-standardized ratio of women to men for URE blindness was 1.05:1.00 in 2020 and 1.03:1.00 in 2000. An estimated 419 million (295–562) people 50+ had near VI from uncorrected presbyopia, a +75.3% (74.6–76.0) increase from 2000 Conclusions: The number of cases of VI from URE substantively grew, even as age-standardised prevalence fell, since 2000, with a continued disproportionate burden by region and sex. Global population ageing will increase this burden, highlighting urgent need for novel approaches to refractive service delivery. © The Author(s) 2024.
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