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Synergistic Interaction of Chloroquine With Artemisia Kopetdaghensis Semipolar Extract Against Plasmodium Berghei: Histopathological and Immunological Studies in a Mouse Model Publisher



Amirian R1 ; Ghanadian M1 ; Fouladseresht H2 ; Baradaran A3, 4 ; Abtahi SM1 ; Basirpour B5 ; Fattahian M6 ; Mousavi SM1 ; Hassaniabharian P7 ; Shabandoust H1 ; Dehaghani SH8 ; Hejazi SH7
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  3. 3. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  6. 6. School of Pharmacand Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan Universitof Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  8. 8. School of Medicine, Padova University, Padova, Italy

Source: Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Malaria parasites have gradually developed resistance to commonly used antimalarial drugs. For decades, chloroquine was the most widely used drug to eradicate malaria. However, with the spread of chloroquine resistance, many countries have adopted combination therapies that utilize two drugs acting synergistically instead of monotherapy. In this study, the synergistic effect of chloroquine and the semipolar extract of Artemisia kopetdaghensis. Semipolar extract (SPE) was investigated in vivo through pathological and parasitological studies on murine mice. Methods: Sixty female Balb/c mice infected with the Plasmodium berghei parasite were treated with different concentrations of the semipolar extract of Artemisia kopetdaghensis (SPE) according to the protocol. The mean percentage of parasitemia, the mean survival time of the mice, the serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β, and the effects of the whole plant extract on the kidney, spleen, and liver tissues were investigated and compared across different treatment groups. The data were analyzed using Bonferroni, ANOVA, and Tukey tests. Results: The semipolar extract of Artemisia kopetdaghensis (SPE) demonstrated better therapeutic effects in both synergistic and monotherapy conditions compared to chloroquine alone. The combination of chloroquine and SPE resulted in the lowest parasitemia rate, the highest percentage of parasite inhibition, and the longest average survival time. Pathological studies showed no signs of acute toxicity in the organs. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that using chloroquine in combination with Artemisia kopetdaghensis semipolar extract has synergistic effects in reducing parasitemia, enhancing the inhibitory effect on parasite growth and reproduction, and balancing the host immune system. © 2024, Amirian et al.
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