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The First Semi-Quantitative Toddler's Food Frequency Questionnaire (T-Ffq) in Iran: Development, Relative Validity and Reliability Publisher Pubmed



Bahreynian M1, 2 ; Feizi A3 ; Kelishadi R4
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Source: International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Only few food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have been specifically designed and validated for toddlers. There is no valid instrument to assess usual intakes of Iranian toddlers. The present study was designed to develop a FFQ, and to examine its validity and reliability among toddlers. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Iran. Mothers of 100 toddlers completed a semi-quantitative FFQ with 99 items as well as three non-consecutive dietary records. Data on maternal age, education, toddler gender, birth order, birth weight, current weight and height, and the age of beginning complementary foods were collected. By comparing the results obtained from dietary records and the FFQ, we assessed the relative validity. Reliability was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficients between results of two FFQs administered with four weeks intervals to the same participants (n=20), as well as weighted kappa. The Bland-Altman plots were used to assess the level of agreement between two FFQs. Results: Mean and standard deviation (SD) of age was 32.71 (4.76) years and 22.42 (3.52) months, for mothers and toddlers, respectively. The FFQ showed acceptable validity and reliability. The correlation coefficients for the first FFQ were 0.82 (energy), 0.81 (fats), 0.60 (carbohydrate), 0.96 (calcium), 0.39 (iron) and 0.24 (vitamin C), all P-values were < 0.001, except for vitamin C (P: 0.02). Reliability coefficients were between 0.77 (vitamin C) and 0.99 (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B12, vitamin E and D). The Cronbach's Alpha was 0.91, showing high reliability. Conclusion: The present study provided a thorough assessment of both validity and reliability of T-FFQ, and indicated acceptable validity as compared with three-day dietary records and good reliability. Therefore, this FFQ could be a useful tool to evaluate usual dietary intake of toddlers. © 2021 Hogrefe.
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