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The Kinetics of Inhibitory Immune Checkpoints During and Post-Covid-19: The Knowns and Unknowns Publisher Pubmed



Torki E1 ; Gharezade A1 ; Doroudchi M2 ; Sheikhi S1 ; Mansury D3 ; Sullman MJM4, 5 ; Fouladseresht H1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  5. 5. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus

Source: Clinical and Experimental Medicine Published:2023


Abstract

The immune system is tightly regulated to prevent immune reactions to self-antigens and to avoid excessive immune responses during and after challenges from non-self-antigens. Inhibitory immune checkpoints (IICPs), as the major regulators of immune system responses, are extremely important for maintaining the homeostasis of cells and tissues. However, the high and sustained co-expression of IICPs in chronic infections, under persistent antigenic stimulations, results in reduced immune cell functioning and more severe and prolonged disease complications. Furthermore, IICPs-mediated interactions can be hijacked by pathogens in order to evade immune induction or effector mechanisms. Therefore, IICPs can be potential targets for the prognosis and treatment of chronic infectious diseases. This is especially the case with regards to the most challenging infectious disease of recent times, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose long-term complications can persist long after recovery. This article reviews the current knowledge about the kinetics and functioning of the IICPs during and post-COVID-19. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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