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General and Abdominal Adiposity and Hypertension in Eight World Regions: A Pooled Analysis of 837 Population-Based Studies With 7·5 Million Participants Publisher Pubmed



Zhou B1 ; Bennett JE1 ; Wickham AP1 ; Singleton RK1 ; Mishra A2 ; Carrillolarco RM3 ; Ikeda N4 ; Jain L1 ; Barradaspires A1 ; Heap RA1 ; Lhoste VPF1 ; Sheffer KE1 ; Phelps NH1 ; Rayner AW1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Zhou B1
  2. Bennett JE1
  3. Wickham AP1
  4. Singleton RK1
  5. Mishra A2
  6. Carrillolarco RM3
  7. Ikeda N4
  8. Jain L1
  9. Barradaspires A1
  10. Heap RA1
  11. Lhoste VPF1
  12. Sheffer KE1
  13. Phelps NH1
  14. Rayner AW1
  15. Gregg EW1, 5
  16. Woodward M1, 6
  17. Stevens GA7
  18. Iurilli MLC1
  19. Danaei G8
  20. Cesare MD9
  21. Aguilarsalinas CA10
  22. Ahmad NA11
  23. Bovet P12, 588
  24. Chen Z13
  25. Damasceno A14
  26. Filippi SL1
  27. Janszky I15
  28. Kengne AP16
  29. Khang YH17
  30. Khunti K18
  31. Laxmaiah A19
  32. Lim L20
  33. Lissner L21
  34. Margozzini P22
  35. Mbanya JC23
  36. Mcgarvey S24
  37. Shaw JE25
  38. Soderberg S26
  39. Sotomota LA10
  40. Wang J1
  41. Zaccardi F18
  42. Ezzati M1, 27
  43. Abarcagomez L28
  44. Abbasikangevari M29
  45. Abdrakhmanova S30
  46. Abdul Ghaffar SA11
  47. Abdul Rahim HF31
  48. Abdurrahmonova Z32
  49. Aburmeileh NM33
  50. Acostacazares B34
  51. Adam I35
  52. Adamczyk M36
  53. Aekplakorn W37
  54. Agdeppa IA38
  55. Aghazadehattari J39
  56. Agyemang C40
  57. Ahmad MH11
  58. Ahmadi A41
  59. Ahmadi N29
  60. Ahmadi N29
  61. Ahmed SH43
  62. Ahrens W44
  63. Aitmurzaeva G45
  64. Ajlouni K46
  65. Alhazzaa HM47
  66. Alhinai H48
  67. Allawati JA48
  68. Alraddadi R49
  69. Asfoor DA50
  70. Al Hourani HM51
  71. Alarouj M52
  72. Albuhairan F53
  73. Aldhukair S54
  74. Ali MM7
  75. Alieva AV55
  76. Alkandari A52
  77. Alkhatib BM51
  78. Aly E50
  79. Amarapurkar DN56
  80. Amiano Etxezarreta P57
  81. Amougou N58
  82. Andersen LB59
  83. Anderssen SA60
  84. Androutsos O61
  85. Anjana RM62
  86. Ansarimoghaddam A63
  87. Anufrieva E64
  88. Aounallahskhiri H65
  89. Aris T11
  90. Arku RE66
  91. Arlappa N19
  92. Aryal KK67
  93. Assah FK23
  94. Assembekov B68
  95. Assuncao MCF69
  96. Auvinen J70, 71
  97. Avdicova M72
  98. Azad K73
  99. Azevedo A74
  100. Aziminezhad M75
  101. Azizi F76
  102. Bacopoulou F77
  103. Bahijri S49
  104. Bajramovic I78
  105. Balakrishna N19
  106. Bamoshmoosh M79
  107. Banach M80
  108. Bandosz P81
  109. Banegas J82
  110. Baran R83
  111. Barbagallo CM84
  112. Barbosa Filho V85
  113. Barcelo A86
  114. Baretic M87
  115. Barnoya J88
  116. Barrera L89
  117. Barros AJD69
  118. Barros MVG90
  119. Basit A91
  120. Bastos JL92
  121. Batieha AM93
  122. Batista AP94
  123. Batista RL95
  124. Battakova Z30
  125. Baur LA96
  126. Bayauli PM97
  127. Belserrat S98
  128. Belavendra A99
  129. Ben Romdhane H100
  130. Benedek T101
  131. Benedics J102
  132. Benet M103
  133. Benitez Rolandi GE104
  134. Benzeval M9
  135. Bere E105
  136. Berger N106
  137. Bergh IH107
  138. Berkinbayev S108
  139. Bernabeortiz A109
  140. Bettiol H110
  141. Beybey AF23
  142. Bezerra J90
  143. Bhagyalaxmi A111
  144. Bhargava SK112
  145. Bika Lele EC113
  146. Bikbov MM114
  147. Bista B115
  148. Bjelica DJ116
  149. Bjerregaard P117
  150. Bjertness E118
  151. Bjertness MB118
  152. Bjorkelund C21
  153. Bloch KV119
  154. Blokstra A120
  155. Bo S121
  156. Bobak M122
  157. Boddy LM123
  158. Boehm BO124
  159. Boggia JG125
  160. Bogova E126
  161. Bonaccio M127
  162. Bonillavargas A28
  163. Borghs H128
  164. Botomba S129
  165. Bourne R130
  166. Boymatova K131
  167. Braeckman L132
  168. Braithwaite T133
  169. Brajkovich I134
  170. Branca F7
  171. Brenner H135
  172. Brewster LM40
  173. Briceno Y136
  174. Brinduse L137
  175. Bringolfisler B138, 139
  176. Brito M140
  177. Brug J120
  178. Bugge A142
  179. Buntinx F128
  180. Buoncristiano M143
  181. Burns C144
  182. Cabrera De Leon A145
  183. Caixeta RB146
  184. Cama T147
  185. Can G148
  186. Candido APC149
  187. Canete F150
  188. Capanzana MV38
  189. Capkova N151
  190. Capuano E152
  191. Capuano R152
  192. Capuano V152
  193. Cardoso VC110
  194. Carlsson AC153
  195. Casanueva FF154
  196. Casas M155
  197. Censi L156
  198. Cervantesloaiza M28
  199. Chamnan P157
  200. Chamukuttan S158
  201. Chan Q1
  202. Chaturvedi N122
  203. Chen F160
  204. Chen H161
  205. Chen LS162
  206. Cheng YJ163
  207. Cheraghian B164
  208. Chetrit A165
  209. Chikovaiscener E166
  210. Chinapaw MJM167
  211. Chinnock A168
  212. Chiolero A169
  213. Chiritaemandi A170
  214. Chirlaque M155
  215. Chong CL171
  216. Christofaro DG172
  217. Chudek J173
  218. Cifkova R174, 175
  219. Cirillo M176
  220. Claessens F128
  221. Clare P96
  222. Cohen E58
  223. Confortin SC177
  224. Coppinger TC144
  225. Cortes LY178
  226. Cosmin CR137
  227. Costanzo S127
  228. Cowan MJ7
  229. Cowell C96
  230. Crampin AC179
  231. Cross AJ1
  232. Crujeiras AB180
  233. Cruz JJ82
  234. Cucu AM181, 182
  235. Cureau FV183
  236. Cuschieri S184
  237. Darrigo G185
  238. Dorsi E186
  239. Da Silvaferreira H187
  240. Dahm CC188
  241. Dallongeville J189
  242. Dankner R165
  243. Davletov K68
  244. De Vasconcelos FDAG186
  245. De Assis MAA186
  246. De Bacquer D132
  247. De Bacquer J132
  248. De Bont J190
  249. De Curtis A127
  250. De Fragas Hinnig P186
  251. De Gaetano G127
  252. De Henauw S132
  253. De Migueletayo P180, 496
  254. De Oliveira PD69
  255. De Paiva KM186
  256. De Ridder K106
  257. Deepa M62
  258. Demarest S106
  259. Dennison E192
  260. Deschamps V193
  261. Dhimal M115
  262. Diez Ripolles MP194
  263. Dika Z195
  264. Djalalinia S196
  265. Dominguez L197
  266. Donati MB127
  267. Donfrancesco C198
  268. Dong G199
  269. Donoso SP200
  270. Dorobantu M137
  271. Dorr M201
  272. Dragano N202
  273. Drygas W80
  274. Du S203
  275. Duante CA38
  276. Duboz P204
  277. Duda RB205, 253
  278. Duleva VL166
  279. Dushpanova A206, 207
  280. Dyussupova A208
  281. Dziankowskazaborszczyk E80
  282. Ebrahimi N29
  283. Echeverria G22
  284. Eddie R209
  285. Eftekhar E210
  286. Efthymiou V77
  287. Egbagbe EE211
  288. Eghtesad S212
  289. Ekelund U60
  290. Elkhateeb M46
  291. Ati JE213
  292. Elosua R214
  293. Enang O216
  294. Erasmus RT217
  295. Erem C218
  296. Ergor G219
  297. Eriksen L117
  298. Eriksson JG220
  299. Escobedode La Pena J34
  300. Esmaeili A221
  301. Evans RG222
  302. Fakhradiyev I108
  303. Fakhretdinova AA114
  304. Fall CH192
  305. Faramarzi E223
  306. Farjam M224
  307. Farzadfar F29
  308. Farzi Y29
  309. Fattahi MR225
  310. Fawwad A226
  311. Felixredondo FJ227
  312. Ferguson TS228
  313. Fernandes RA172
  314. Fernandezberges D229
  315. Fernando DR230
  316. Ferrante D231
  317. Ferrari G232
  318. Ferrari M156
  319. Ferreccio C22
  320. Ferrer E38
  321. Figueiro TH186
  322. Fijalkowska A233
  323. Fink G138, 139
  324. Fisberg M234
  325. Forsner M26
  326. Fottrell EF122
  327. Fouad HM50
  328. Francis DK228
  329. Frontera G236
  330. Fuchs FD237
  331. Fuchs SC238
  332. Furdela V239
  333. Furusawa T240
  334. Gabriela SA241
  335. Gaciong Z242
  336. Galan Cuesta M243
  337. Galbarczyk A244
  338. Galcheva SV245
  339. Galfo M156
  340. Garciadelahera M155
  341. Garcia P247
  342. Garnett SP96
  343. Gasull M155
  344. Gazzinelli A248
  345. Gehring U249
  346. Gerdts E67
  347. Ghaderi E250
  348. Ghamari S29
  349. Ghanbari A29
  350. Ghasemi E29
  351. Gheorghefronea OF137
  352. Ghimire A252
  353. Gialluisi A127, 254
  354. Giampaoli S198
  355. Gianfagna F255, 256
  356. Gironella G38
  357. Giwercman A257
  358. Gkiouras K258
  359. Glushkova N68, 207
  360. Godara R259
  361. Godos J260
  362. Goldberg M261, 262
  363. Gomez G168
  364. Gomez JHG263
  365. Gomez LF178
  366. Gomez SF264, 265
  367. Gomula A266
  368. Goncalves Cordeiro Da Silva B69
  369. Goncalves H69
  370. Goncalves M267
  371. Gonzalezalvarez AD268
  372. Gonzalezchica DA269
  373. Gonzalezgil EM270
  374. Gonzalezgross M271
  375. Gonzalezrivas JP272
  376. Gonzalez AR273
  377. Gottrand F274
  378. Grafnetter D275
  379. Grajda A276
  380. Grammatikopoulou MG61
  381. Grodzicki T244
  382. Groholt EK107
  383. Grontved A117
  384. Guajardo V277
  385. Guallarcastillon P82
  386. Guerchet M278
  387. Guerrero R279
  388. Guimaraes AL280
  389. Gujral UP3
  390. Gulliford MC133
  391. Gunter MJ1
  392. Gupta R281
  393. Gureje O282
  394. Gurinovic MA283
  395. Gurzkowska B276
  396. Gutierrez L284
  397. Gwee X285
  398. Haghshenas R29
  399. Hakimi H221
  400. Halkjaer J287
  401. Hambleton IR288
  402. Hamzeh B289
  403. Hanekom WA290
  404. Hange D21
  405. Hanif AAM291
  406. Hantunen S292
  407. Hao J293
  408. Hardman CM294
  409. Hardy L96
  410. Hari Kumar R19
  411. Harooni J295
  412. Hashemishahri SM296
  413. Hassapidou M297
  414. Hata J298
  415. Haugsgjerd T67
  416. Heinen M299
  417. Hendriks ME300
  418. Henrique RDS294
  419. Henriques A301
  420. Hernandez Cadena LH302
  421. Herrala S70
  422. Herreracuenca M134
  423. Herrera VM303
  424. Herteraeberli I304
  425. Herzig KH70, 71
  426. Heshmat R305
  427. Hill AG192
  428. Ho SY306
  429. Holdsworth M278
  430. Homayounfar R307
  431. Homs C264, 540
  432. Hoogendijk EO167
  433. Horimoto ARVR110
  434. Hormiga CM308
  435. Horta BL69
  436. Houti L309
  437. Howitt C288
  438. Htay TT310
  439. Htet AS118
  440. Htike MMT311
  441. Huerta JM155
  442. Huhtaniemi IT1
  443. Huiart L312
  444. Petrescu CH181
  445. Huisman M313
  446. Husseini A33
  447. Huybrechts I314
  448. Hwalla N315
  449. Iacoviello L127, 254
  450. Iakupova EM114
  451. Iannone AG316
  452. Igland J67
  453. Ijoma C317
  454. Iotova V245
  455. Irazola VE284
  456. Ishida T318
  457. Isiguzo GC319
  458. Islam M320
  459. Islam SMS321
  460. Islek D3
  461. Ittermann T201
  462. Ivanovapandourska IY322
  463. Iwasaki M323
  464. Jaaskelainen T324
  465. Jackson RT325
  466. Jaddou HY93
  467. Jadoul M326
  468. Jafar T327
  469. Jan N328
  470. Janus E329
  471. Jarani J330
  472. Jarnig G331
  473. Jarvelin MR1, 71
  474. Jasienska G244
  475. Jelakovic A87
  476. Jelakovic B195
  477. Jha AK115
  478. Jimenez RO332
  479. Jockel KH333
  480. Joffres M92
  481. Jokelainen JJ70
  482. Jonas JB334
  483. Joshi P335
  484. Joshi R6
  485. Josipovic J87
  486. Joukar F336
  487. Jozwiak JJ337
  488. Juolevi A324
  489. Juresa V195
  490. Kaaks R135
  491. Kaducu FO338
  492. Kadvan AL283
  493. Kafatos A339
  494. Kajantie EO324
  495. Kakutia N340
  496. Kallayova D341
  497. Kalmatayeva Z207
  498. Kalterleibovici O165
  499. Kannan S342
  500. Kapantais E343
  501. Karaglani E344
  502. Karakosta A77
  503. Karki KB345
  504. Anicet AK346
  505. Katibeh M188
  506. Katulanda P230
  507. Katzmarzyk PT347
  508. Kauhanen J292
  509. Kazakbaeva GM114
  510. Kaze FF23
  511. Ke C348
  512. Keinanenkiukaanniemi S70
  513. Kelishadi R349
  514. Kelleher C98
  515. Kemper HCG167
  516. Keramati M350
  517. Kersting M351
  518. Khader YS93
  519. Khaledifar A41
  520. Khalili D307
  521. Kheiri B307
  522. Kheradmand M352
  523. Khosravi A353
  524. Kiechlkohlendorfer U354
  525. Kiechl SJ355
  526. Kiechl S354, 355
  527. Kim HC356
  528. Klakk H357
  529. Klanarong S358
  530. Klanova J359
  531. Klimek M244
  532. Knoflach M354
  533. Kobel S360
  534. Koirala B252
  535. Kolle E60
  536. Kolsteren P132
  537. Konig J361
  538. Korpelainen R71
  539. Korrovits P362
  540. Korzycka M233
  541. Kos J87
  542. Koskinen S324
  543. Simone MK363
  544. Kovacs E364
  545. Kovalskys I365
  546. Kowlessur S366
  547. Koziel S266
  548. Kratenova J151
  549. Kratzer W367
  550. Kriemler S368
  551. Kristensen PL117
  552. Krizan H369
  553. Krokerlobos MF370
  554. Krokstad S15
  555. Kruger HS16, 371
  556. Kruger R371
  557. Kryst L372
  558. Kubinova R151
  559. Kujala UM373
  560. Kujundzic E374
  561. Kulaga Z276
  562. Kulimbet M68, 207
  563. Kumari M9
  564. Kunesova M375
  565. Kurjata P376
  566. Kyobutungi C377
  567. La QN378
  568. Labadarios D217, 379
  569. Lachat C132
  570. Lai D380
  571. Laid Y141
  572. Lall L381
  573. Jimenez ML134
  574. Landais E278
  575. Lankila T382
  576. Lanska V275
  577. Lappas G383
  578. Larijani B384
  579. Lateva MP245
  580. Latt TS385
  581. Laurenzi M386
  582. Lazoporras M387
  583. Le Coroller G388
  584. Le Nguyen Bao K389
  585. Lehtimaki T390, 496
  586. Lemogoum D391
  587. Leong E380
  588. Leszczak J83
  589. Leung GM306
  590. Li Y8
  591. Liivak M392
  592. Lim C285, 393
  593. Lim WY285, 393
  594. Limacosta MF394
  595. Lin HH395
  596. Lind L396
  597. Litwin M276
  598. Liu L397
  599. Liu X398
  600. Abril GL399
  601. Lopes O400
  602. Lopezgarcia E82
  603. Lopezgil JF401
  604. Lopez T402
  605. Lozano JE403
  606. Lukrafka JL404
  607. Luksiene D405
  608. Lundqvist A324
  609. Lunet N74
  610. Lunogelo C406
  611. Lustigova M151, 174
  612. Mbuyambakabangu JR407
  613. Machadocoelho GLL94
  614. Machadorodrigues AM408
  615. Macia E409
  616. Madar AA118
  617. Maestre GE410
  618. Maggi S411
  619. Magliano DJ25
  620. Magnacca S127
  621. Magriplis E412
  622. Mahasampath G99
  623. Maire B278
  624. Makdisse M413
  625. Malekpour MR29
  626. Malekzadeh F212
  627. Malekzadeh R212, 225
  628. Rao KM19
  629. Malyutina S414
  630. Maniego LV38
  631. Manios Y344
  632. Mann JI415
  633. Mansourghanaei F336
  634. Manzato E416
  635. Mapatano MA417
  636. Mariamagdalena R418
  637. Marino J201
  638. Markaki A419
  639. Marques LP394
  640. Marrugat J214, 215
  641. Martorell R3
  642. Maruszczak K420
  643. Masala G421
  644. Mascarenhas LP422
  645. Imani MM423
  646. Masinaei M29
  647. Mathiesen EB424
  648. Matijasevich A110
  649. Matlosz P83
  650. Matsha TE425
  651. Matsudo V426
  652. Matteo G132
  653. Maulik PK427
  654. Mavrogianni C344
  655. Mbanya JCN23
  656. Mcdonald Posso AJ428
  657. Mcfarlane SR228
  658. Mcgarvey ST24
  659. Mclean RM415
  660. Benchekor SM309
  661. Mehlig K21
  662. Mehrparvar AH42
  663. Melgarejo JD410
  664. Mendez F89
  665. Mendivil CO429
  666. Montano CM370
  667. Menezes AMB69
  668. Mensink GBM430
  669. Mereke A207
  670. Meshram II19
  671. Meto DT431
  672. Meyer HE118
  673. Mi J160
  674. Milkowska K244
  675. Miller JC415
  676. Milushkina O432
  677. Minderico CS433
  678. Mini GK434
  679. Miquel JF22
  680. Miranda JJ96
  681. Mirjalili MR42
  682. Misigojdurakovic M195
  683. Mistretta A260
  684. Mocanu V435
  685. Modesti PA436
  686. Moghaddam SS29
  687. Mohammad K212
  688. Mohammadi MR437
  689. Mohammadi Z212
  690. Mohammadifard N438
  691. Mohammadpourhodki R350
  692. Mohan V62
  693. Yusoff MFM11
  694. Mohebbi I39
  695. Moller NC117
  696. Molnar D439
  697. Momenan A307
  698. Mondo CK440
  699. Monroyvalle MM441
  700. Montenegro Mendoza RA442
  701. Monterrubioflores E302
  702. Monyeki KDK379
  703. Moon JS443
  704. Moosazadeh M352
  705. Moradpour F250
  706. Moreira LB238
  707. Morejon A444
  708. Moreno LA180, 270
  709. Morgan K5
  710. Moschonis G445
  711. Moslem A446
  712. Mosquera M89
  713. Mossakowska M447
  714. Mostafa A448
  715. Mostafavi SA212
  716. Motlagh ME164
  717. Motta J428
  718. Mouradossantos MA90
  719. Mridha MK291
  720. Msyamboza KP449
  721. Mu TT450
  722. Muca F451
  723. Mugosa B374
  724. Munroe PB452
  725. Mursu J292
  726. Musa KI453
  727. Milanovic SM195, 369
  728. Musil V195
  729. Musinguzi G454
  730. Mustafa N455
  731. Muyer MTMC456
  732. Nabipour I457
  733. Naidu BM458
  734. Najafi F289
  735. Nalecz H459
  736. Namesna J72
  737. Narayan KMV3
  738. Naseri T460
  739. Nathalie M132
  740. Neelapaichit N37
  741. Nejatizadeh A210
  742. Nenko I244
  743. Nervi F22
  744. Neuhauser HK430
  745. Ng TP285
  746. Nguyen CT461
  747. Nguyen QV462
  748. Nguyen QN463
  749. Ni MY306
  750. Nie P464
  751. Nietomartinez RE465
  752. Niiranen TJ324, 507
  753. Ninomiya T298
  754. Nishi N4
  755. Nishtar S466
  756. Noale M411
  757. Noboa OA125
  758. Nogueira H408
  759. Norton KI467
  760. Noto D84
  761. Nowakszczepanska N266
  762. Nsour MA468
  763. Nuhoglu I218
  764. Nurk E392
  765. Nuwaha F454
  766. Nyirenda M469
  767. Oneill TW470
  768. Ochimana C8
  769. Ochoaaviles AM200
  770. Oda E471
  771. Odili AN472
  772. Oh K473
  773. Ohtsuka R474
  774. Oldenburg B25
  775. Olie V193
  776. Omar MA11
  777. Omar SM475
  778. Onat A476
  779. Ong SK477
  780. Onlandmoret NC249
  781. Ono LM478
  782. Onodugo O317
  783. Ordunez P146
  784. Ornelas R479
  785. Ortiz AP480
  786. Ortiz PJ387
  787. Osmond C192
  788. Ostojic SM481
  789. Ostovar A482
  790. Otero JA483
  791. Ottendahl CB117
  792. Otu A216
  793. Overvad K188
  794. Owusudabo E484
  795. Padez CP408
  796. Pagkalos I297
  797. Pajula N392
  798. Palloni A485
  799. Palmieri L198
  800. Pan WH486
  801. Panza F487
  802. Paoli M136
  803. Papadopoulou SK297
  804. Pareja RG197
  805. Park S488
  806. Park S488
  807. Parnell WR415
  808. Parsaeian M212
  809. Pascanu IM101
  810. Pasquet P58
  811. Patel ND489
  812. Pavlyshyn H239
  813. Pechlaner R354
  814. Pecin I87
  815. Pedro JM490
  816. Peixoto SV394
  817. Peltonen M324
  818. Pereira AC110
  819. Peres KGDA491
  820. Peres MA492
  821. Perezlondono A429
  822. Perez CM480
  823. Peterkova V126
  824. Kovtun OP64
  825. Peykari N196
  826. Pham ST493
  827. Pichardo RN494
  828. Pierremarie P495
  829. Pikhart H122
  830. Pilav A78
  831. Piler P359
  832. Piwonska A376
  833. Pizarro AN74
  834. Plata S497
  835. Pop RM101
  836. Popkin BM203
  837. Popovic SR116
  838. Porta M214
  839. Poudyal A115
  840. Pourfarzi F498
  841. Pourshams A212
  842. Poustchi H212
  843. Pradeepa R62
  844. Price AJ469
  845. Prista A499
  846. Providencia R122
  847. Puder JJ501
  848. Pudule I502
  849. Puhakka S382
  850. Puiu M170
  851. Punab M362
  852. Qorbani M503
  853. Quialheiro A504
  854. Quintana HK442
  855. Quirogapadilla PJ429
  856. Quoc Bao T505
  857. Rach S44
  858. Rahimikazerooni S225
  859. Rahman M506
  860. Raitakari O507
  861. Rakhmatulloev S32
  862. Rakovac I143
  863. Ramachandran A158
  864. Ramadan OPC508
  865. Ramirezzea M370
  866. Ramos R509
  867. Rampal L510
  868. Rampal S20
  869. Ramsay SE511
  870. Rangel Reina DA428
  871. Rangelova LS166
  872. Rarra V512
  873. Rashidi MM29
  874. Rech CR186
  875. Redon J513
  876. Regecova V514
  877. Renner JDP515
  878. Repasy JA516
  879. Reuter CP515
  880. Revilla L402
  881. Reynolds A415
  882. Rezaei N212
  883. Rezaianzadeh A225
  884. Riboli E1
  885. Rigo F517
  886. Rigotti A22
  887. Riley LM7
  888. Rinke De Wit TF518
  889. Riserus U396
  890. Rittidias RM519
  891. Roa RG520
  892. Roccaldo R156
  893. Rodriguezartalejo F82
  894. Rodriguezperez MDC521
  895. Rodriguezvillamizar LA522
  896. Rodriguez AY523
  897. Roggenbuck U333
  898. Rohloff P247
  899. Rojasmartinez R302
  900. Romeo EL524
  901. Rosario RV525
  902. Rosengren A21, 538
  903. Rouse I526
  904. Rubinstein A284
  905. Ruizbetancourt BS34
  906. Ruizcastell M388
  907. Moreno ER527
  908. Rusakova IA114
  909. Rusek W528
  910. Rust P361
  911. Rutkowski M81
  912. Saamel M392
  913. Sabbaghi H307
  914. Sachdev HS529
  915. Sadjadi A212
  916. Safarpour AR225
  917. Safi S307
  918. Saghi MH446
  919. Saidi O100, 164
  920. Saieva C421
  921. Sakata S298
  922. Salaj S195
  923. Martinez ES302
  924. Salkhanova A532
  925. Salonen JT220
  926. Samoutian M533
  927. Sanchezabanto J534
  928. Sanchez Rodriguez I263
  929. Santos DA433
  930. Santos IS69
  931. Santos MP74
  932. Santos TR187
  933. Saramies JL535
  934. Sardinha LB433
  935. Sarganas G430, 530
  936. Sarrafzadegan N438
  937. Saum KU135
  938. Savin S7
  939. Sbaraini M238
  940. Scazufca M536
  941. Schaan BD238
  942. Schienkiewitz A430
  943. Schindler K537
  944. Schipf S201
  945. Schmidt AF122
  946. Schmidt B333
  947. Schmidt CO201
  948. Schottker B135
  949. Schramm S333
  950. Schramm S333
  951. Schroder H539
  952. Schultsz C40
  953. Schutte AE6, 286
  954. Sebert S71
  955. Sedaghattalab M295
  956. Sein AA311
  957. Sen A541
  958. Sepanlou SG212
  959. Sequera G104
  960. Sevcikova L542
  961. Sewpaul R543
  962. Shamahlevy T302
  963. Shamshirgaran SM75
  964. Sharafkhah M212
  965. Sharma SK252
  966. Sharman A532
  967. Shayanrad A212
  968. Shayesteh AA164
  969. Shengelia L340
  970. Shibuya K133
  971. Shimizufurusawa H544
  972. Shiri R545
  973. Shoranov M108
  974. Shrestha N546
  975. Siramlee K477
  976. Sibai AM315
  977. Sidossis LS547
  978. Silva AM95
  979. Silva CRDM90
  980. Silva DAS186
  981. Silva KS186
  982. Sim X285, 393
  983. Simon M158
  984. Sjostrom M190
  985. Skoblina NA432
  986. Slowikowskahilczer J80
  987. Slusarczyk P447
  988. Smeeth L469
  989. Smith L550
  990. Soares FC90
  991. Sobek G83
  992. Sobngwi E23
  993. Sodemann M117
  994. Soemantri A551
  995. Solfrizzi V487
  996. Somi MH223
  997. Sorgjerd EP15
  998. Soric M195, 246
  999. Sotorojas VE279
  1000. Soumare A552
  1001. Sousapoza A553
  1002. Spiroski I235, 554
  1003. Staessen JA128
  1004. Stang A333
  1005. Steenejohannessen J60
  1006. Stehle P556
  1007. Stein AD3
  1008. Stergiou GS77
  1009. Stokwiszewski J557
  1010. Stoyanova E558
  1011. Stratton G559
  1012. Stronks K40
  1013. Sturua L340
  1014. Suarezortegon MF560
  1015. Suebsamran P561
  1016. Sulo G67
  1017. Sundstrom J396
  1018. Suriyawongpaisal P37
  1019. Swinburn BA325
  1020. Sylva RC562
  1021. Szponar L557
  1022. Shyong Tai E285, 393
  1023. Tambalis KD77
  1024. Tamosiunas A405
  1025. Tanabayev B563
  1026. Tanrygulyyeva M564
  1027. Tarawneh MR565
  1028. Tarp J60
  1029. Tarquimamani CB534
  1030. Taxova Braunerova R375
  1031. Te Velde ST567
  1032. Tebar WR172
  1033. Tell GS67
  1034. Tello T387
  1035. Thankappan KR568
  1036. Theodoridis X258
  1037. Thirunavukkarasu S3
  1038. Thomas N99
  1039. Thrift AG222
  1040. Ticha L542
  1041. Timmermans EJ569
  1042. Tjandrarini DH570
  1043. Tjonneland A287
  1044. Tolstrup JS117
  1045. Topbas M218
  1046. Torrescollado L571
  1047. Touloumi G77
  1048. Traissac P278
  1049. Triantafyllou A258
  1050. Trivedi A572
  1051. Tshepo L425
  1052. Tsintavis P297
  1053. Tuitele J159, 573
  1054. Tuliakova AM114
  1055. Tullochreid MK228
  1056. Tullu F574
  1057. Tuomainen TP292
  1058. Turley ML575
  1059. Tzala E1
  1060. Tzotzas T343
  1061. Tzourio C552
  1062. Ueda P190
  1063. Ugel E576
  1064. Ukoli FAM577
  1065. Usupova Z45
  1066. Uusitalo HMT578
  1067. Uysal N579
  1068. Valdivia G22
  1069. Valvi D580
  1070. Van Dam RM581
  1071. Van Den Born BJ40
  1072. Van Der Heyden JV106
  1073. Van Der Schouw YT249
  1074. Van Lippevelde W132
  1075. Van Minh H378
  1076. Van Schoor NM313
  1077. Van Valkengoed IGM40
  1078. Vanderschueren D128
  1079. Vanuzzo D582
  1080. Varelamoreiras G583
  1081. Vargas LN178
  1082. Vasan SK192
  1083. Vasques DG238
  1084. Vega T403
  1085. Velasquezmelendez G248
  1086. Velika B502
  1087. Verdot C193
  1088. Verloigne M132
  1089. Veronesi G255
  1090. Verschuren WMM120
  1091. Verstraeten R585
  1092. Viet L120
  1093. Vik FN105
  1094. Vilar M587
  1095. Villalpando S302
  1096. Vioque J155
  1097. Virtanen JK292
  1098. Visser M313
  1099. Viswanathan B12
  1100. Vladulescu M589
  1101. Volzke H201
  1102. Voutilainen A292
  1103. Vrijheid M155
  1104. Wade AN590
  1105. Wan Bebakar WM453
  1106. Wan Mohamud WN591
  1107. Wang C398
  1108. Wang H592
  1109. Wang N593
  1110. Wang Q594
  1111. Wang X595
  1112. Wang YX293
  1113. Wang YW162
  1114. Wannamethee SG122
  1115. Wareham N597
  1116. Wartha O360
  1117. Weber A102
  1118. Websterkerr K598
  1119. Wedderkopp N117
  1120. Weghuber D420
  1121. Wei W293
  1122. Westbury L192
  1123. Whincup PH599
  1124. Wickramasinghe K143
  1125. Widhalm K537
  1126. Widyahening IS600
  1127. Wiecek A173
  1128. Wilks RJ228
  1129. Willeit K354
  1130. Willeit P354
  1131. Williams J143
  1132. Wilsgaard T424
  1133. Wojtyniak B601
  1134. Wongmcclure RA28
  1135. Wong A122
  1136. Wong EB290
  1137. Wu FC470
  1138. Wyszynska J83
  1139. Xu H251
  1140. Xu L531
  1141. Yaacob NA453
  1142. Yan L1
  1143. Yan W500
  1144. Yang Y595
  1145. Yepez Garcia M587
  1146. Yoosefi M29
  1147. Yoshihara A555
  1148. Youngercoleman NO228
  1149. Yu YL128
  1150. Yu Y596
  1151. Yusoff AF11
  1152. Zafiropulos V419
  1153. Zainuddin AA11
  1154. Zamani F586
  1155. Zambon S416
  1156. Zampelas A412
  1157. Zapata ME584
  1158. Zaw KK385
  1159. Zdrojewski T81
  1160. Zeglen M566
  1161. Zejglicova K151
  1162. Zeljkovic Vrkic T87
  1163. Zhang B592
  1164. Zhang ZY128
  1165. Zhecheva YV322
  1166. Zholdin B548
  1167. Zimmet P222
  1168. Zins M261, 262
  1169. Zuniga Cisneros J428
  1170. Zuziak M549
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Imperial College London, United Kingdom
  2. 2. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United States
  3. 3. Emory University, United States
  4. 4. National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Japan
  5. 5. RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ireland
  6. 6. University of New South Wales, Australia
  7. 7. World Health Organization, Switzerland
  8. 8. Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, United States
  9. 9. University of Essex, United Kingdom
  10. 10. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico
  11. 11. Ministry of Health, Malaysia
  12. 12. Ministry of Health, Seychelles
  13. 13. University of Oxford, United Kingdom
  14. 14. Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
  15. 15. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
  16. 16. South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
  17. 17. Seoul National University, College of Medicine, South Korea
  18. 18. University of Leicester, United Kingdom
  19. 19. ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, India
  20. 20. University of Malaya, Malaysia
  21. 21. University of Gothenburg, Sweden
  22. 22. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile
  23. 23. University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon
  24. 24. Brown University, United States
  25. 25. Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
  26. 26. Umea University, Sweden
  27. 27. University of Ghana, Ghana
  28. 28. Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Costa Rica
  29. 29. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Iran
  30. 30. National Center of Public Health, Kazakhstan
  31. 31. Qatar University, Qatar
  32. 32. Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Tajikistan
  33. 33. Birzeit University, State of Palestine, Palestine
  34. 34. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
  35. 35. Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
  36. 36. RehaKlinika, Poland
  37. 37. Mahidol University, Thailand
  38. 38. Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines
  39. 39. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  40. 40. University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
  41. 41. Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  42. 42. Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  43. 43. University of Hargeisa, Somaliland, Somalia
  44. 44. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Germany
  45. 45. Republican Center for Health Promotion, Kyrgyzstan
  46. 46. The National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Jordan
  47. 47. Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
  48. 48. Ministry of Health, Oman
  49. 49. King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
  50. 50. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt
  51. 51. The Hashemite University, Jordan
  52. 52. Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait
  53. 53. Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, Saudi Arabia
  54. 54. King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia
  55. 55. Ministry of Health, Uzbekistan
  56. 56. Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, India
  57. 57. Departamento de Salud del Gobierno Vasco, Spain
  58. 58. UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206, France
  59. 59. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
  60. 60. Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Norway
  61. 61. University of Thessaly, Greece
  62. 62. Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, India
  63. 63. Health Promotion Research Center, Iran
  64. 64. Yekaterinburg State Medical Academy, Russian Federation
  65. 65. National Institute of Public Health, Tunisia
  66. 66. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States
  67. 67. University of Bergen, Norway
  68. 68. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan
  69. 69. Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
  70. 70. Oulu University Hospital, Finland
  71. 71. University of Oulu, Finland
  72. 72. Regional Authority of Public Health, Slovakia
  73. 73. Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
  74. 74. University of Porto, Portugal
  75. 75. Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  76. 76. Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Iran
  77. 77. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
  78. 78. University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  79. 79. University of Science and Technology, Yemen
  80. 80. Medical University of Lodz, Poland
  81. 81. Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
  82. 82. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, CIBERESP, Spain
  83. 83. University of Rzeszow, Poland
  84. 84. University of Palermo, Italy
  85. 85. Ceara State University, Brazil
  86. 86. University of Miami, United States
  87. 87. University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia
  88. 88. Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala
  89. 89. Universidad del Valle, Colombia
  90. 90. University of Pernambuco, Brazil
  91. 91. Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Pakistan
  92. 92. Simon Fraser University, Canada
  93. 93. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan
  94. 94. Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
  95. 95. Federal University of Maranhao, Brazil
  96. 96. University of Sydney, Australia
  97. 97. Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  98. 98. University College Dublin, Ireland
  99. 99. Christian Medical College Vellore, India
  100. 100. University Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
  101. 101. University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, Romania
  102. 102. Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Austria
  103. 103. Cafam University Foundation, Colombia
  104. 104. Ministerio de Salud Publica y Bienestar Social, Paraguay
  105. 105. University of Agder, Norway
  106. 106. Sciensano, Belgium
  107. 107. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
  108. 108. Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan
  109. 109. Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Peru
  110. 110. University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
  111. 111. B J Medical College, India
  112. 112. Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, India
  113. 113. Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Cameroon
  114. 114. Ufa Eye Research Institute, Russian Federation
  115. 115. Nepal Health Research Council, Nepal
  116. 116. University of Montenegro, Montenegro
  117. 117. University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
  118. 118. University of Oslo, Norway
  119. 119. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  120. 120. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands
  121. 121. University of Turin, Italy
  122. 122. University College London, United Kingdom
  123. 123. Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
  124. 124. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  125. 125. Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
  126. 126. National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Russian Federation
  127. 127. IRCCS Neuromed, Italy
  128. 128. KU Leuven, Belgium
  129. 129. Epidemiology Center of Diabetes, Democratic Republic Congo
  130. 130. Cambridge University Hospitals, United Kingdom
  131. 131. World Health Organization Country Office, Tajikistan
  132. 132. Ghent University, Belgium
  133. 133. King's College London, United Kingdom
  134. 134. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
  135. 135. German Cancer Research Center, Germany
  136. 136. University of the Andes, Venezuela
  137. 137. Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
  138. 138. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland
  139. 139. University of Basel, Switzerland
  140. 140. Instituto Politecnico de Lisboa, Portugal
  141. 141. Ministry of Health, Algeria
  142. 142. University College Copenhagen, Denmark
  143. 143. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Denmark
  144. 144. Munster Technological University, Ireland
  145. 145. Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
  146. 146. Pan American Health Organization, United States
  147. 147. Ministry of Health, Tonga
  148. 148. Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Turkey
  149. 149. Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  150. 150. Ministry of Public Health, Paraguay
  151. 151. National Institute of Public Health, Czech Republic
  152. 152. Canopo Study Center - Salerno, Italy
  153. 153. Karolinska Instituet, Sweden
  154. 154. Santiago de Compostela University, Spain
  155. 155. CIBERESP, Spain
  156. 156. Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Italy
  157. 157. Sanpasitthiprasong Regional Hospital, Thailand
  158. 158. India Diabetes Research Foundation, India
  159. 159. LBJ Hospital, American Samoa
  160. 160. Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
  161. 161. Xiangtan University, China
  162. 162. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
  163. 163. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
  164. 164. Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  165. 165. The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Israel
  166. 166. National Center of Public Health and Analyses, Bulgaria
  167. 167. VU University Medical Center, Netherlands
  168. 168. Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
  169. 169. University of Fribourg, Switzerland
  170. 170. Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania
  171. 171. RIPAS Hospital, Brunei Darussalam
  172. 172. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil
  173. 173. Medical University of Silesia, Poland
  174. 174. Charles University, Czech Republic
  175. 175. Thomayer University Hospital, Czech Republic
  176. 176. University of Salerno, Italy
  177. 177. University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Brazil
  178. 178. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
  179. 179. Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi
  180. 180. CIBEROBN, Spain
  181. 181. National Institute of Public Health, Romania
  182. 182. University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
  183. 183. Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
  184. 184. University of Malta, Malta
  185. 185. National Research Council, Italy
  186. 186. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
  187. 187. Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
  188. 188. Aarhus University, Denmark
  189. 189. Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
  190. 190. Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
  191. 191. Innovating Health International, Haiti
  192. 192. University of Southampton, United Kingdom
  193. 193. The National Public Health Agency, France
  194. 194. Consejeria de Salud del Gobierno de La Rioja, Spain
  195. 195. University of Zagreb, Croatia
  196. 196. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Iran
  197. 197. Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional, Peru
  198. 198. Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Italy
  199. 199. Sun Yat-sen University, China
  200. 200. Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador
  201. 201. University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
  202. 202. University Hospital Dusseldorf, Germany
  203. 203. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
  204. 204. IRL 3189 ESS, France
  205. 205. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States
  206. 206. Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Italy
  207. 207. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
  208. 208. Semey Medical University, Kazakhstan
  209. 209. Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands
  210. 210. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  211. 211. University of Benin, Nigeria
  212. 212. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  213. 213. National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunisia
  214. 214. Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques, Spain
  215. 215. CIBERCV, Spain
  216. 216. University of Calabar, Nigeria
  217. 217. Stellenbosch University, South Africa
  218. 218. Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
  219. 219. Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
  220. 220. University of Helsinki, Finland
  221. 221. Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  222. 222. Monash University, Australia
  223. 223. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  224. 224. Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  225. 225. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  226. 226. Baqai Medical University, Pakistan
  227. 227. Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte, Spain
  228. 228. The University of the West Indies, Jamaica
  229. 229. Hospital Don BenitoVillanueva de la Serena, Spain
  230. 230. University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
  231. 231. Ministry of Health, Argentina
  232. 232. Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
  233. 233. Institute of Mother and Child, Poland
  234. 234. Hospital Infantil Sabara, Brazil
  235. 235. Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, North Macedonia
  236. 236. Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Spain
  237. 237. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
  238. 238. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  239. 239. Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine
  240. 240. Kyoto University, Japan
  241. 241. Calafat Municipal Hospital, Romania
  242. 242. Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  243. 243. Consejeria de Sanidad del Gobierno de Cantabria, Spain
  244. 244. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
  245. 245. Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria
  246. 246. University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
  247. 247. Wuqu' Kawoq, Guatemala
  248. 248. Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
  249. 249. Utrecht University, Netherlands
  250. 250. Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  251. 251. Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
  252. 252. B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
  253. 253. Harvard Medical School, United States
  254. 254. Giuseppe DegennaroLUM University, Italy
  255. 255. University of Insubria, Italy
  256. 256. Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Italy
  257. 257. Lund University, Sweden
  258. 258. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
  259. 259. Central University of Kerala, India
  260. 260. University of Catania, Italy
  261. 261. Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, France
  262. 262. Paris Cite University, France
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  265. 265. University of Lleida, Spain
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  271. 271. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain
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  273. 273. Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  274. 274. University of Lille, France
  275. 275. Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Czech Republic
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  277. 277. International Life Science Institute, Argentina
  278. 278. French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, France
  279. 279. Universidad Icesi, Colombia
  280. 280. State University of Montes Claros, Brazil
  281. 281. Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, India
  282. 282. University of Ibadan, Nigeria
  283. 283. Capacity Development Network in Nutrition in Central and Eastern Europe, Serbia
  284. 284. Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Argentina
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  286. 286. The George Institute for Global Health, Australia
  287. 287. Danish Cancer Institute, Denmark
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  289. 289. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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  292. 292. University of Eastern Finland, Finland
  293. 293. Capital Medical University, China
  294. 294. Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
  295. 295. Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  296. 296. Zahedan University Of Medical Sciences, Iran
  297. 297. International Hellenic University, Greece
  298. 298. Kyushu University, Japan
  299. 299. University College Dublin, Denmark
  300. 300. Joep Lange Institute, Netherlands
  301. 301. Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Portugal
  302. 302. National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
  303. 303. Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia
  304. 304. ETH Zurich, Switzerland
  305. 305. Chronic Diseases Research Center, Iran
  306. 306. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  307. 307. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  308. 308. Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander, Colombia
  309. 309. University Oran 1, Algeria
  310. 310. Independent Public Health Specialist, Myanmar
  311. 311. Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
  312. 312. Sante publique France, France
  313. 313. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
  314. 314. International Agency for Research on Cancer, France
  315. 315. American University of Beirut, Lebanon
  316. 316. Gaetano Fucito Hospital, Italy
  317. 317. University of Nigeria, Nigeria
  318. 318. The University of Tokyo, Japan
  319. 319. Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
  320. 320. The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
  321. 321. Deakin University, Australia
  322. 322. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
  323. 323. Hokkaido University, Japan
  324. 324. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
  325. 325. University of Auckland, New Zealand
  326. 326. Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
  327. 327. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
  328. 328. Slovenian Heart Foundation, Slovenia
  329. 329. University of Melbourne, Australia
  330. 330. Sports University of Tirana, Albania
  331. 331. University of Graz, Austria
  332. 332. Universidad Eugenio Maria de Hostos, Dominican Republic
  333. 333. University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
  334. 334. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Switzerland
  335. 335. World Health Organization Country Office, India
  336. 336. Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  337. 337. University of Opole, Poland
  338. 338. Gulu University, Uganda
  339. 339. University of Crete, Greece
  340. 340. National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Georgia
  341. 341. Ministry of Health, Slovakia
  342. 342. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, India
  343. 343. Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity, Greece
  344. 344. Harokopio University, Greece
  345. 345. Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Nepal
  346. 346. University of Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire
  347. 347. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, United States
  348. 348. University of Toronto, Canada
  349. 349. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  350. 350. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  351. 351. Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany
  352. 352. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  353. 353. Hypertension Research Center, Iran
  354. 354. Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
  355. 355. VASCage - Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Austria
  356. 356. Yonsei University College of Medicine, South Korea
  357. 357. University College South Denmark, Denmark
  358. 358. Thaksin University, Thailand
  359. 359. Masaryk University, Czech Republic
  360. 360. Ulm University Hospital, Germany
  361. 361. University of Vienna, Austria
  362. 362. Tartu University Clinics, Estonia
  363. 363. National Institute of Public Health, Cote d'Ivoire
  364. 364. Hildburghausen District Department of State Public Health Service, Germany
  365. 365. Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina, Argentina
  366. 366. Ministry of Health and Wellness, Mauritius
  367. 367. University Hospital Ulm, Germany
  368. 368. University of Zurich, Switzerland
  369. 369. Croatian Institute of Public Health, Croatia
  370. 370. Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala
  371. 371. North-West University, South Africa
  372. 372. University of Physical Education, Poland
  373. 373. University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
  374. 374. Institute of Public Health, Montenegro
  375. 375. Institute of Endocrinology, Czech Republic
  376. 376. National Institute of Cardiology, Poland
  377. 377. African Population and Health Research Center, Kenya
  378. 378. Hanoi University of Public Health, Viet Nam
  379. 379. University of Limpopo, South Africa
  380. 380. Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
  381. 381. Ministry of Health, Guyana
  382. 382. Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Finland
  383. 383. Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden
  384. 384. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Iran
  385. 385. University of Public Health, Myanmar
  386. 386. Centro Studi Epidemiologici di Gubbio, Italy
  387. 387. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru
  388. 388. Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
  389. 389. National Institute of Nutrition, Viet Nam
  390. 390. Tampere University Hospital, Finland
  391. 391. University of Douala, Cameroon
  392. 392. National Institute for Health Development, Estonia
  393. 393. National University Health System, Singapore
  394. 394. Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
  395. 395. National Taiwan University, Taiwan
  396. 396. Uppsala University, Sweden
  397. 397. Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, China
  398. 398. Zhengzhou University, China
  399. 399. Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Spain
  400. 400. Sports Medical Center of Minho, Portugal
  401. 401. Universidad de Las Americas, Ecuador
  402. 402. Universidad San Martin de Porres, Peru
  403. 403. Consejeria de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y Leon, Spain
  404. 404. Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
  405. 405. Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
  406. 406. Ilembula Lutheran Hospital, Tanzania
  407. 407. University of Kinshasa Hospital, Democratic Republic Congo
  408. 408. University of Coimbra, Portugal
  409. 409. UMR 7268 ADES, France
  410. 410. University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, United States
  411. 411. Institute of Neuroscience of the National Research Council, Italy
  412. 412. Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
  413. 413. Academia VBHC, Brazil
  414. 414. Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Russian Federation
  415. 415. University of Otago, New Zealand
  416. 416. University of Padua, Italy
  417. 417. University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  418. 418. Clinical County Emergency Hospital Craiova, Romania
  419. 419. Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece
  420. 420. Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
  421. 421. Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Italy
  422. 422. Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Brazil
  423. 423. Universite Catholique de Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  424. 424. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
  425. 425. Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
  426. 426. Centro de Estudos do Laboratorio de Aptidao Fisica de Sao Caetano do Sul, Brazil
  427. 427. George Institute for Global Health, India
  428. 428. Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama
  429. 429. Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
  430. 430. Robert Koch Institute, Germany
  431. 431. University of Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
  432. 432. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Russian Federation
  433. 433. Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
  434. 434. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
  435. 435. Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
  436. 436. Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
  437. 437. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Iran
  438. 438. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Iran
  439. 439. University Medical School of Pecs, Hungary
  440. 440. Mulago Hospital, Uganda
  441. 441. Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala
  442. 442. Gorgas Memorial Institute for Studies of Health, Panama
  443. 443. Seoul National University, South Korea
  444. 444. University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos, Cuba
  445. 445. La Trobe University, Australia
  446. 446. Sabzevar University Of Medical Sciences, Iran
  447. 447. International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
  448. 448. Ain Shams University, Egypt
  449. 449. World Health Organization Country Office, Malawi
  450. 450. Department of Public Health, Myanmar
  451. 451. Albanian Sport Science Association, Albania
  452. 452. Queen Mary University, United Kingdom
  453. 453. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
  454. 454. Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda
  455. 455. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
  456. 456. University de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
  457. 457. Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  458. 458. Department of Statistics, Malaysia
  459. 459. Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
  460. 460. Ministry of Health, Samoa
  461. 461. National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Viet Nam
  462. 462. National Hospital of Endocrinology, Viet Nam
  463. 463. Hanoi Medical University, Viet Nam
  464. 464. Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
  465. 465. Precision Care Clinic Corp, United States
  466. 466. Heartfile, Pakistan
  467. 467. University of South Australia, Australia
  468. 468. Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network, Jordan
  469. 469. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
  470. 470. University of Manchester, United Kingdom
  471. 471. Tachikawa General Hospital, Japan
  472. 472. University of Abuja College of Health Sciences, Nigeria
  473. 473. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, South Korea
  474. 474. Japan Wildlife Research Center, Japan
  475. 475. Gadarif University, Sudan
  476. 476. Istanbul University, Turkey
  477. 477. Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam
  478. 478. Federal University of Parana, Brazil
  479. 479. University of Madeira, Portugal
  480. 480. University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
  481. 481. University of Novi Sad, Serbia
  482. 482. Osteoporosis Research Center, Iran
  483. 483. Universidad de Santander, Colombia
  484. 484. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
  485. 485. University of WisconsinMadison, United States
  486. 486. Academia Sinica, Taiwan
  487. 487. University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
  488. 488. Catholic University of Daegu, South Korea
  489. 489. Jivandeep Hospital, India
  490. 490. Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Angola, Angola
  491. 491. Griffith University, Australia
  492. 492. National Dental Care Centre Singapore, Singapore
  493. 493. Vietnam National Heart Institute, Viet Nam
  494. 494. Clinica de Medicina Avanzada Dr. Abel Gonzalez, Dominican Republic
  495. 495. Universite de Limoges, France
  496. 496. Tampere University, Finland
  497. 497. Observatorio de Salud Publica de Santander, Colombia
  498. 498. Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  499. 499. Universidade Pedagogica, Mozambique
  500. 500. Children's Hospital of Fudan University, China
  501. 501. Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
  502. 502. Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Latvia
  503. 503. Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  504. 504. Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario, Portugal
  505. 505. Ministry of Health, Viet Nam
  506. 506. Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh
  507. 507. University of Turku, Finland
  508. 508. World Health Organization Country Office, South Sudan
  509. 509. Institut Universitari d'Investigacio en Atencio Primaria Jordi Gol, Spain
  510. 510. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
  511. 511. Newcastle University, United Kingdom
  512. 512. Sotiria Hospital, Greece
  513. 513. University of Valencia, Spain
  514. 514. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
  515. 515. University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil
  516. 516. University of Pecs, Hungary
  517. 517. CS S. Agustin Ibsalut, Spain
  518. 518. Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Netherlands
  519. 519. Universidade Nove de Julho, Brazil
  520. 520. Ministerio de Salud, Panama
  521. 521. Canarian Health Service, Spain
  522. 522. Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
  523. 523. Ministery of Health and Social Protection, Colombia
  524. 524. Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia, Italy
  525. 525. University of Minho, Portugal
  526. 526. Fiji National University, Fiji
  527. 527. National Center of Epidemiology, ISCII, CIBERESP, Spain
  528. 528. Rehamed-Center, Poland
  529. 529. Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, India
  530. 530. German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Germany
  531. 531. Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, China
  532. 532. Academy of Preventive Medicine, Kazakhstan
  533. 533. Kindergarten of Avlonari, Greece
  534. 534. National Institute of Health, Peru
  535. 535. Wellbeing Services County of South Karelia, Finland
  536. 536. University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital, Brazil
  537. 537. Medical University of Vienna, Austria
  538. 538. Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
  539. 539. CIBERESP, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute, Spain
  540. 540. University Ramon Llull, Spain
  541. 541. Center for Oral Health Services and Research Mid-Norway, Norway
  542. 542. Comenius University, Slovakia
  543. 543. Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa
  544. 544. Teikyo University, Japan
  545. 545. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
  546. 546. Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Nepal
  547. 547. Rutgers University, United States
  548. 548. West Kazakhstan Medical University, Kazakhstan
  549. 549. Przedszkole No. 81, Poland
  550. 550. Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom
  551. 551. Diponegoro University, Indonesia
  552. 552. University of Bordeaux, France
  553. 553. University of Hohenheim, Germany
  554. 554. Institute of Public Health, North Macedonia
  555. 555. Niigata University, Japan
  556. 556. Bonn University, Germany
  557. 557. National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Poland
  558. 558. Kalina Malina Kindergarten, Bulgaria
  559. 559. Swansea University, United Kingdom
  560. 560. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Colombia
  561. 561. Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand
  562. 562. National Statistical Office, Cape Verde
  563. 563. South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Kazakhstan
  564. 564. Scientific Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Turkmenistan
  565. 565. Ministry of Health, Jordan
  566. 566. Jagiellonian University, Poland
  567. 567. University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Netherlands
  568. 568. Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, India
  569. 569. University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
  570. 570. National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
  571. 571. Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain
  572. 572. Government Medical College, India
  573. 573. Tafuna Family Health Center, American Samoa
  574. 574. Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
  575. 575. Ministry of Health, New Zealand
  576. 576. Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela
  577. 577. Meharry Medical College, United States
  578. 578. University of Tampere Tays Eye Center, Finland
  579. 579. Sabiha Gokcen Ilkokulu, Turkey
  580. 580. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
  581. 581. George Washington University, United States
  582. 582. MONICA-FRIULI Study Group, Italy
  583. 583. Universidad CEU San Pablo, Spain
  584. 584. Centro de Estudios Sobre Nutricion Infantil, Argentina
  585. 585. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium
  586. 586. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
  587. 587. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
  588. 588. Unisante, Switzerland
  589. 589. Sunflower Nursery School, Romania
  590. 590. University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
  591. 591. Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia
  592. 592. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
  593. 593. Capital Medical University Beijing Tongren Hospital, China
  594. 594. Xinjiang Medical University, China
  595. 595. Shanghai Educational Development Co. Ltd, China
  596. 596. South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, China
  597. 597. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
  598. 598. The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica
  599. 599. St George's University of London, United Kingdom
  600. 600. Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
  601. 601. National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Poland

Source: The Lancet Published:2024


Abstract

Background: Adiposity can be measured using BMI (which is based on weight and height) as well as indices of abdominal adiposity. We examined the association between BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) within and across populations of different world regions and quantified how well these two metrics discriminate between people with and without hypertension. Methods: We used data from studies carried out from 1990 to 2023 on BMI, WHtR and hypertension in people aged 20–64 years in representative samples of the general population in eight world regions. We graphically compared the regional distributions of BMI and WHtR, and calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between BMI and WHtR within each region. We used mixed-effects linear regression to estimate the extent to which WHtR varies across regions at the same BMI. We graphically examined the prevalence of hypertension and the distribution of people who have hypertension both in relation to BMI and WHtR, and we assessed how closely BMI and WHtR discriminate between participants with and without hypertension using C-statistic and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Findings: The correlation between BMI and WHtR ranged from 0·76 to 0·89 within different regions. After adjusting for age and BMI, mean WHtR was highest in south Asia for both sexes, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. Mean WHtR was lowest in central and eastern Europe for both sexes, in the high-income western region for women, and in Oceania for men. Conversely, to achieve an equivalent WHtR, the BMI of the population of south Asia would need to be, on average, 2·79 kg/m2 (95% CI 2·31–3·28) lower for women and 1·28 kg/m2 (1·02–1·54) lower for men than in the high-income western region. In every region, hypertension prevalence increased with both BMI and WHtR. Models with either of these two adiposity metrics had virtually identical C-statistics and NRIs for every region and sex, with C-statistics ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 and NRIs ranging from 0·34 to 0·57 in different region and sex combinations. When both BMI and WHtR were used, performance improved only slightly compared with using either adiposity measure alone. Interpretation: BMI can distinguish young and middle-aged adults with higher versus lower amounts of abdominal adiposity with moderate-to-high accuracy, and both BMI and WHtR distinguish people with or without hypertension. However, at the same BMI level, people in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa, have higher WHtR than in the other regions. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK). © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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