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Trends of Btex in the Central Urban Area of Iran: A Preliminary Study of Photochemical Ozone Pollution and Health Risk Assessment Publisher



Hajizadeh Y1 ; Mokhtari M2 ; Faraji M3 ; Mohammadi A2, 4 ; Nemati S5 ; Ghanbari R6 ; Abdolahnejad A2 ; Fard RF7 ; Nikoonahad A2 ; Jafari N1 ; Miri M8
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  2. 2. Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  7. 7. Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

Source: Atmospheric Pollution Research Published:2018


Abstract

The Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) as hazardous air pollutants. In this study, BTEX sampling was conducted at 20 sites during summer 2015 and winter 2016 in Yazd. Concentrations of BTEX were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In addition, ozone formation potential (OFP) and the health risks of BTEX were calculated. Spatial mapping was accomplished using the Kriging method. The obtained concentrations of total BTEX ranged from 8 to 560 μg/m3. The highest average individual values belonged to toluene and xylene (38 ± 42 and 41 ± 45 μg/m3, respectively). Seasonal variation showed a downward trend from summer to winter. The peak BTEX emissions occurred in the evenings, due to rush hour traffic and meteorological factors. Spatial analysis showed that the maximum levels of BTEX occurred on high traffic roads or near fuel stations. Significant correlation coefficients between benzene and other BTEX compounds revealed that BTEX were emitted from main sources including gasoline vehicles and stations. The mean ratio of toluene/benzene (T/B) in summer (1.8) was more than winter (1.4). The seasonal changes in T/B ratio possibly were attributed to photochemistry, meteorology, and emission aspects. The OFP values were 720 ± 729 and 375 ± 319 μg/m3 in summer and winter, respectively. OFPs, ranked maximum to minimum, were as follows: xylene > toluene > ethylbenzene > benzene. Although the values of the non-cancer risk of BTEX were under permissible recommended level, a cancer risk still exists because of high values of airborne benzene. © 2018 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control
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