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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Allergic Disorders and Their Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, From 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Shin YH1, 2, 11 ; Hwang J3, 4, 12 ; Kwon R5 ; Lee SW6 ; Kim MS7, 8, 13, 14 ; Shin JI9 ; Yon DK5, 10 ; Abate YH15 ; Abbasikangevari M16 ; Abbasikangevari Z16, 17 ; Abdelmasseh M18 ; Abdulah DM19 ; Aboagye RG20 ; Abolhassani H21, 22 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Shin YH1, 2, 11
  2. Hwang J3, 4, 12
  3. Kwon R5
  4. Lee SW6
  5. Kim MS7, 8, 13, 14
  6. Shin JI9
  7. Yon DK5, 10
  8. Abate YH15
  9. Abbasikangevari M16
  10. Abbasikangevari Z16, 17
  11. Abdelmasseh M18
  12. Abdulah DM19
  13. Aboagye RG20
  14. Abolhassani H21, 22
  15. Abrams EM23, 24
  16. Abtew YD25
  17. Abugharbieh E26
  18. Adane Adane DE27
  19. Adane TD28
  20. Addo IY29, 30
  21. Adha R31
  22. Adibi A32
  23. Sakilah Adnani QE33
  24. Agrawal A34, 35
  25. Ahmad S36
  26. Ahmadi A37, 38
  27. Ahmed A39, 40
  28. Ahmed A39, 40
  29. Alazzam S43
  30. Naji Alhalaiqa FA44, 45
  31. Alif SM46
  32. Alipour V47, 48
  33. Altaany Z49
  34. Altirkawi KA50
  35. Alvisguzman N51, 52
  36. Aly H53
  37. Ansar A54, 55
  38. Arulappan J56
  39. Asgharijafarabadi M57, 58
  40. Ashraf T59
  41. Athari SS60
  42. Atlaw D61
  43. Aujayeb A62
  44. Azadnajafabad S16
  45. Babaei M63, 64
  46. Babamohamadi H65
  47. Badawi A66, 67
  48. Baghcheghi N68
  49. Bagherieh S69
  50. Bajbouj K70
  51. Banach M71, 72
  52. Bardhan M73, 74
  53. Baroneadesi F75
  54. Barrow A76, 77
  55. Bashiri A78
  56. Bayileyegn NS79
  57. Bensenor IM80
  58. Berhie AY81
  59. Beyene KA82, 83
  60. Bhagavathula AS84
  61. Bhardwaj P85, 86
  62. Bhat AN87
  63. Bhojaraja VS88
  64. Bijani A89
  65. Bikov A90, 91
  66. Cai J92
  67. Camargos P93
  68. Car J94, 95
  69. Carr S96
  70. Carugno A97
  71. Chakraborty PA98
  72. Chan JSK99
  73. Charalampous P100
  74. Chashmyazdan M101
  75. Chattu VK102, 103
  76. Kabir Chowdhury MA104, 105
  77. Chu DT106
  78. Corso B107
  79. Cruzmartins N108, 109
  80. Dadras O110, 111
  81. Dai X96, 112
  82. Damiani G113, 114
  83. Dandona L96, 115, 116
  84. Dandona R96, 112, 115
  85. Demeke D117
  86. Demisse B118
  87. Diaz D119, 120
  88. Diress M121
  89. Dongarwar D122
  90. Ekholuenetale M123, 124
  91. Ekundayo TC125
  92. Elhadi M126
  93. Abdou Elmeligy OA127, 128
  94. Esubalew H129
  95. Etaee F130
  96. Etemadimanesh A131
  97. Fagbamigbe AF123, 132
  98. Fakhradiyev IR133
  99. Fatehizadeh A134
  100. Fatima Fatima SA135, 136
  101. Feng X137, 138
  102. Fereidouni M139, 140
  103. Ferreira N141
  104. Fetensa G142
  105. Fischer F143
  106. Foroutan M144, 145
  107. Fukumoto T146
  108. Gaipov A147
  109. Gela YY148
  110. Obsa AG149
  111. Ghadirian F150
  112. Ghamari SH16, 17
  113. Ghozy S151
  114. Gillum RF152, 153
  115. Gizaw AT154
  116. Gizaw ABAB155
  117. Goldust M156
  118. Golechha M157
  119. Goleij P158
  120. Gupta S159
  121. Gupta VK160
  122. Hajmirzaian A161, 162
  123. Halwani R26, 163
  124. Hamidi S164
  125. Hannan MA165, 166
  126. Hasaballah AI167
  127. Hasani H168
  128. Hashi A169
  129. Hassen MB96, 170
  130. Heibati B171
  131. Heidari G172
  132. Heidari M173
  133. Heidariforoozan M174, 175
  134. Holla R176
  135. Horita N177, 178
  136. Hossain MS179
  137. Hussain S180, 181
  138. Hwang BF182
  139. Ilic IM183
  140. Ilic MD184
  141. Irilouzadian R175, 185
  142. Ismail NE186
  143. Ispayeva ZBIZB187
  144. Iwu CCD188
  145. J LM189
  146. Jajarmi M190
  147. Jamshidi E191, 192
  148. Janodia MD193
  149. Jayaram S194
  150. Jebai R195
  151. Jonas JB196, 197
  152. Joseph N198
  153. Kaambwa B199, 200
  154. Kabir Z201
  155. Kaliyadan F202
  156. Kandel H203, 204
  157. Kantar RS205, 206
  158. Karaye IM207
  159. Karimi H208
  160. Kaur H115
  161. Keikavoosiarani L209
  162. Keykhaei M16, 210
  163. Khader YS211
  164. Khajuria H212
  165. Khan IA213
  166. Khan M214
  167. Khan MAB215, 216
  168. Khanal S217
  169. Khatatbeh MM218
  170. Khubchandani J219
  171. Kibret BG220
  172. Kisa A221, 222
  173. Kisa S223
  174. Kolkhir P224, 225
  175. Kompani F226
  176. Koohestani HR227
  177. Korzh O228
  178. Koul PA229
  179. Koyanagi A230, 231
  180. Krishan K232
  181. Kuehni CE233, 234
  182. Kumar GA115
  183. Kurmi OP235, 236
  184. Kutikuppala LVS237
  185. Kuttikkattu A238
  186. Lam J239, 240
  187. Larijani B241
  188. Latief K242, 243
  189. Lauriola P244
  190. Thu Le TT245
  191. Lee YH246
  192. Lenzi J247
  193. Li MC248
  194. Li S46
  195. Ligade VS249
  196. Lim SS96, 112
  197. Liu G250, 251
  198. Liu W92
  199. Liu X252, 253
  200. Lo CH254
  201. Lopes G255
  202. Mahalingam S256
  203. Maharaj SB257, 258
  204. Mahmoud MA259
  205. Majeed A95
  206. Malekpour MR16
  207. Malik AA260, 261
  208. Mallhi TH262
  209. Malta DC263
  210. Mamun AA264
  211. Masoumi SZ265
  212. Maugeri A266
  213. Medina JRC267, 268
  214. Menezes RG269
  215. Mensah GA270, 271
  216. Mentis AFA272
  217. Mestrovic T96, 273
  218. Michalek IM274, 275
  219. Nhat Minh LH276, 277
  220. Mirrakhimov EM278, 279
  221. Misganaw A112, 280
  222. Mishra M281
  223. Mohammed S282, 283
  224. Mokdad AH96, 112
  225. Momtazmanesh S16, 284
  226. Monasta L285
  227. Moniruzzaman M286
  228. Mulugeta T287
  229. Munblit D288, 289
  230. Murillozamora E290, 291
  231. Mustafa G292, 293
  232. Nair TS294
  233. Nangia V295
  234. Swamy SN296
  235. Nassereldine H96
  236. Natto ZS297, 298
  237. Nayak BP212
  238. Nazari J299
  239. Ng TP300, 301
  240. Nguyen DH302
  241. Nguyen VT303
  242. Niazi RK304
  243. Nouraei H305
  244. Nzoputam OJ306, 307
  245. Oancea B308
  246. Obaidur RM309, 310
  247. Okatialiabad H311
  248. Okonji OC312
  249. Okwute PG313, 314
  250. Olagunju AT315, 316
  251. Olufadewa II124, 317
  252. Orru H318, 319
  253. Mahesh PA320
  254. Padubidri JR321
  255. Pandey A115
  256. Pardhan S322
  257. Park EK323
  258. Patel J324, 325
  259. Patil S326, 327
  260. Patthipati VS328, 329
  261. Paudel U330, 331
  262. Pereira M332
  263. Pereira RB333
  264. Petcu IR334
  265. Podder I335
  266. Podder V336, 337
  267. Mohammad AP338
  268. Qattea I339
  269. Rabiee N340, 341
  270. Rahimi M342
  271. Rahman M343
  272. Rahman MA54, 344
  273. Rahmani AM345
  274. Rahmani S16, 175
  275. Rahmanian V346
  276. Rajput P347
  277. Ram P348
  278. Ramasubramani P349
  279. Rao IR350
  280. Rashid AM351
  281. Ratan ZA352, 353
  282. Ravikumar N354
  283. Rawaf S95, 355
  284. Rawal L356
  285. Mohamed Redwan EM357, 358
  286. Regmi AR359
  287. Rezaei N16
  288. Rezaei N16
  289. Rezaei N16
  290. Rezaei S361, 362
  291. Rezaeian M363
  292. Buendia Rodriguez JA364
  293. Roever L365
  294. Romerorodriguez E366
  295. Ronfani L285
  296. Saad AMA367
  297. Saddik B368
  298. Saeed U369, 370
  299. Sagoe D371
  300. Sharifaskari FS372
  301. Sahebkar A373, 374
  302. Sahoo H375
  303. Sajid MR376
  304. Sakshaug JW377, 378
  305. Salahi S379
  306. Salehi S380
  307. Samy AM381, 382
  308. Santricmilicevic MM183, 383
  309. Sarasmita MA384, 385
  310. Sarkhosh M386, 387
  311. Saya GK388
  312. Senthilkumaran S389
  313. Shah H390
  314. Shaikh MA391
  315. Shanawaz M392
  316. Sheikh A393, 394
  317. Shekhar S395
  318. Shigematsu M396
  319. Shobeiri P397, 398
  320. Shorofi SA399, 400
  321. Sibhat MM401
  322. Simpson CR402, 403
  323. Singh JA404, 405
  324. Singh P406
  325. Singh S407
  326. Singh V408
  327. Siraj MS409
  328. Skryabina AA410
  329. Solomon Y411
  330. Song S412
  331. Soshnikov S413, 414
  332. Soyiri IN415
  333. Steiropoulos P416
  334. Szeto MD417
  335. Talaat IM26, 418
  336. Lukenze Tamuzi JJL419, 420
  337. Tan KK421
  338. Tat NY422, 423
  339. Temsah MH50
  340. Terefa DR424, 425
  341. Tesler R426
  342. Thangaraju P427
  343. Vera Ticoalu JH428
  344. Tillawi T429
  345. Ngoc Tran MT430, 431
  346. Tusa BS432
  347. Ullah I433
  348. Ullah S434
  349. Ullah S434
  350. Upadhyay E437
  351. Vahabi SM398
  352. Boven JFM438
  353. Vasankari TJ439, 440
  354. Verras GI441, 442
  355. Vieira RJ443, 444
  356. Violante FS445, 446
  357. Vos T96, 112
  358. Westerman R447
  359. Wickramasinghe ND448
  360. Williams HC449
  361. Yada DY96
  362. Yismaw Y450, 451
  363. Yonemoto N452, 453
  364. Yu C454
  365. Yunusa I455
  366. Zahir M456
  367. Zar HJ457, 458
  368. Zare I459
  369. Zastrozhin MS460, 461
  370. Zeineddine MA462
  371. Zenebe GA463
  372. Zhang ZJ464
  373. Zhao H465
  374. Zoladl M466
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
  2. 2. Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  3. 3. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  4. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  5. 5. Center for Digital Health, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  6. 6. Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
  7. 7. Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  8. 8. Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
  9. 9. Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  10. 10. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  11. 11. Center for Digital Health Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
  12. 12. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  13. 13. Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  14. 14. Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
  15. 15. Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
  16. 16. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
  19. 19. Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  20. 20. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  21. 21. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
  23. 23. Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
  24. 24. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  25. 25. Department of Biomedical Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  26. 26. Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  27. 27. Depatment of Anesthesia and critical care, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  28. 28. Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  29. 29. Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  30. 30. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  31. 31. Department of Business Administration, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
  32. 32. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  33. 33. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
  34. 34. Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
  35. 35. Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
  36. 36. Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  37. 37. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  40. 40. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  41. 41. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  42. 42. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  43. 43. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  44. 44. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  45. 45. Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  46. 46. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  47. 47. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  48. 48. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  49. 49. Departent of Basic sciences, Yarmouk Univeristy, Irbid, Jordan
  50. 50. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  51. 51. Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
  52. 52. Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
  53. 53. Pediatrics Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  54. 54. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  55. 55. Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  56. 56. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  57. 57. Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  58. 58. School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  59. 59. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  60. 60. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  61. 61. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  62. 62. Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  63. 63. Neurosicence Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  64. 64. School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
  65. 65. Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
  66. 66. Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
  67. 67. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
  68. 68. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  69. 69. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  70. 70. Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  71. 71. Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  72. 72. Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
  73. 73. Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  74. 74. Molecular Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  75. 75. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  76. 76. Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  77. 77. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  78. 78. Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  79. 79. Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  80. 80. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  81. 81. School of Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  82. 82. School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
  83. 83. Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St louis, MO, United States
  84. 84. Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
  85. 85. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  86. 86. School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  87. 87. Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  88. 88. Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  89. 89. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  90. 90. Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  91. 91. Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  92. 92. Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
  93. 93. Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  94. 94. Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  95. 95. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  96. 96. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  97. 97. Dermatology Unit, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII (Territorial Healthcare Company Pope John XXIII), Bergamo, Italy
  98. 98. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  99. 99. Heart Failure and Structural Heart Disease Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong
  100. 100. Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  101. 101. Medical Library and Information Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  102. 102. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  103. 103. Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  104. 104. Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  105. 105. James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  106. 106. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  107. 107. Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
  108. 108. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
  109. 109. Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  110. 110. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  111. 111. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  112. 112. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  113. 113. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi (Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute IRCCS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  114. 114. Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  115. 115. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  116. 116. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  117. 117. Department of Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  118. 118. Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  119. 119. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, Mexico
  120. 120. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
  121. 121. Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  122. 122. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  123. 123. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  124. 124. Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  125. 125. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  126. 126. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  127. 127. Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  128. 128. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  129. 129. Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  130. 130. Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  131. 131. Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  132. 132. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  133. 133. Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  134. 134. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  135. 135. Department of community medicine and global health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  136. 136. Department of Bacteriology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
  137. 137. School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  138. 138. National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  139. 139. Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  140. 140. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  141. 141. Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  142. 142. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  143. 143. Institute of Public Health, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin (Charite Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  144. 144. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  145. 145. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  146. 146. Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  147. 147. Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
  148. 148. Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  149. 149. School of Psychology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  150. 150. Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  151. 151. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  152. 152. Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  153. 153. Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
  154. 154. Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  155. 155. Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  156. 156. Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  157. 157. Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  158. 158. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  159. 159. Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India
  160. 160. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  161. 161. Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  162. 162. Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  163. 163. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  164. 164. School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  165. 165. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  166. 166. Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  167. 167. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  168. 168. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  169. 169. Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
  170. 170. National Data Management Center for Health (NDMC), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  171. 171. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
  172. 172. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
  173. 173. Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  174. 174. Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  175. 175. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  176. 176. Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Manipal, India
  177. 177. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  178. 178. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  179. 179. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  180. 180. Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  181. 181. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  182. 182. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
  183. 183. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  184. 184. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  185. 185. Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  186. 186. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  187. 187. Department of Allergology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  188. 188. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  189. 189. Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
  190. 190. Department of Pathobiology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
  191. 191. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  192. 192. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
  193. 193. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  194. 194. Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  195. 195. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  196. 196. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
  197. 197. Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
  198. 198. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  199. 199. Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  200. 200. College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  201. 201. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  202. 202. Dermatology Department, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
  203. 203. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  204. 204. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  205. 205. The Hansjorg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
  206. 206. Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
  207. 207. School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
  208. 208. Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  209. 209. Department of Healthcare Services Management, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  210. 210. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  211. 211. Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  212. 212. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  213. 213. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
  214. 214. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  215. 215. Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  216. 216. Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
  217. 217. Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  218. 218. Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  219. 219. Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
  220. 220. Department of Medical Physiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  221. 221. School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  222. 222. Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
  223. 223. Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
  224. 224. Institute for Allergology, Charite Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  225. 225. Division of Immune-mediated Skin Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
  226. 226. Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  227. 227. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  228. 228. Department of General Practice, Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  229. 229. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
  230. 230. Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
  231. 231. Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
  232. 232. Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  233. 233. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  234. 234. University Children's Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
  235. 235. Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
  236. 236. Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  237. 237. General Surgery, Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, India
  238. 238. Department of Nephrology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India
  239. 239. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  240. 240. NEVES Society for Patient Safety, NEVES Society for Patient Safety, Budapest, Hungary
  241. 241. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  242. 242. Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  243. 243. Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  244. 244. International Society Doctors for the Environment, Arezzo, Italy
  245. 245. University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  246. 246. Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  247. 247. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  248. 248. Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
  249. 249. Department of Pharmacy Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  250. 250. School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
  251. 251. Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
  252. 252. Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  253. 253. Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  254. 254. Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV, United States
  255. 255. Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
  256. 256. Department of Pediatrics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  257. 257. School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
  258. 258. Planetary Health Alliance, Boston, MA, United States
  259. 259. Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia
  260. 260. Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  261. 261. University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  262. 262. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  263. 263. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  264. 264. Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
  265. 265. Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  266. 266. Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  267. 267. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  268. 268. Department of Global Health, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
  269. 269. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  270. 270. Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  271. 271. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  272. 272. International Dx Department, BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
  273. 273. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  274. 274. Polish National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  275. 275. Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
  276. 276. College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  277. 277. Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  278. 278. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  279. 279. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  280. 280. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  281. 281. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, United States
  282. 282. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  283. 283. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  284. 284. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  285. 285. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  286. 286. Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  287. 287. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  288. 288. Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  289. 289. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  290. 290. Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico
  291. 291. Postgraduate in Medical Sciences, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
  292. 292. Department of Pediatrics, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  293. 293. Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
  294. 294. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  295. 295. Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
  296. 296. Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  297. 297. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  298. 298. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  299. 299. Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  300. 300. Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  301. 301. Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
  302. 302. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
  303. 303. Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  304. 304. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  305. 305. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  306. 306. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  307. 307. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  308. 308. Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  309. 309. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan
  310. 310. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  311. 311. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  312. 312. School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  313. 313. Department of Medical Physiology, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria
  314. 314. Department of Medical Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  315. 315. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
  316. 316. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  317. 317. Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  318. 318. Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  319. 319. Section of Sustainable Health, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
  320. 320. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
  321. 321. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  322. 322. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  323. 323. Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
  324. 324. Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  325. 325. School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
  326. 326. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, United States
  327. 327. Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  328. 328. Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, United States
  329. 329. Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, United States
  330. 330. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  331. 331. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  332. 332. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  333. 333. Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  334. 334. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  335. 335. Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India
  336. 336. Medical College, Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh
  337. 337. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  338. 338. School of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  339. 339. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  340. 340. School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  341. 341. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
  342. 342. Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  343. 343. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  344. 344. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  345. 345. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  346. 346. Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  347. 347. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  348. 348. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  349. 349. Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
  350. 350. Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  351. 351. Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
  352. 352. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  353. 353. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  354. 354. Pulmonary Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
  355. 355. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  356. 356. School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  357. 357. Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt
  358. 358. Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
  359. 359. Kist Medicial College and Teaching Hospital, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  360. 360. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
  361. 361. The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  362. 362. Eye and Skull Base Research Centers, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  363. 363. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  364. 364. Deparment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
  365. 365. Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
  366. 366. Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
  367. 367. Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  368. 368. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  369. 369. Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  370. 370. International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
  371. 371. Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  372. 372. Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  373. 373. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  374. 374. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  375. 375. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  376. 376. Department of Statistics, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
  377. 377. Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  378. 378. Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
  379. 379. Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  380. 380. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  381. 381. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  382. 382. Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MARSI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  383. 383. School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  384. 384. Pharmacy Study Program, Udayana University, Badung, Indonesia
  385. 385. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
  386. 386. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  387. 387. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  388. 388. Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
  389. 389. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  390. 390. Office of Research and Innovation (ORIC-KRSS), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  391. 391. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  392. 392. Department of Health Education and Promotion, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  393. 393. Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  394. 394. Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  395. 395. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
  396. 396. National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  397. 397. Department of International Studies, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  398. 398. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  399. 399. Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  400. 400. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  401. 401. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  402. 402. School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
  403. 403. Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  404. 404. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  405. 405. Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
  406. 406. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  407. 407. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  408. 408. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Bhawan, Jaipur, India
  409. 409. Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  410. 410. Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
  411. 411. Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  412. 412. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, United States
  413. 413. Public Health Department, Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
  414. 414. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  415. 415. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, United Kingdom
  416. 416. Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
  417. 417. Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
  418. 418. Pathology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  419. 419. Department of Epidemiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  420. 420. Department of Medicine, Northlands Medical Group, Omuthiya, Namibia
  421. 421. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  422. 422. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  423. 423. Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  424. 424. Outpatient Department, Wollega University, Bedele town, Ethiopia
  425. 425. Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  426. 426. Health Management Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
  427. 427. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
  428. 428. Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
  429. 429. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
  430. 430. School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
  431. 431. Health Informatics Department, Hanoi Medical University, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
  432. 432. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
  433. 433. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  434. 434. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  435. 435. Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  436. 436. Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
  437. 437. Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  438. 438. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  439. 439. UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  440. 440. Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
  441. 441. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  442. 442. College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  443. 443. Department of Community Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  444. 444. Evidence-Based Decision Making, Research Synthesis and Health Technology, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
  445. 445. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  446. 446. Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  447. 447. Competence Center of Mortality-Follow- Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  448. 448. Department of community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  449. 449. Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  450. 450. Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  451. 451. Pharmacy Department, Alkan Health Science, Business and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  452. 452. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  453. 453. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  454. 454. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  455. 455. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  456. 456. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  457. 457. Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  458. 458. Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
  459. 459. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  460. 460. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  461. 461. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  462. 462. GI Med Oncology, University of Texas, Houston, FL, United States
  463. 463. Department of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  464. 464. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  465. 465. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
  466. 466. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

Source: Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Published:2023


Abstract

Background: Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic allergic conditions, along with allergic rhinitis and food allergy and cause high morbidity and mortality both in children and adults. This study aims to evaluate the global, regional, national, and temporal trends of the burden of asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019 and analyze their associations with geographic, demographic, social, and clinical factors. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we assessed the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of both asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019, stratified by geographic region, age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). DALYs were calculated as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost to premature mortality. Additionally, the disease burden of asthma attributable to high body mass index, occupational asthmagens, and smoking was described. Results: In 2019, there were a total of 262 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million] cases of asthma and 171 million [95% UI: 165–178 million] total cases of AD globally; age-standardized prevalence rates were 3416 [95% UI: 2899–4066] and 2277 [95% UI: 2192–2369] per 100,000 population for asthma and AD, respectively, a 24.1% [95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8] decrease for asthma and a 4.3% [95% UI: 3.8–4.8] decrease for AD compared to baseline in 1990. Both asthma and AD had similar trends according to age, with age-specific prevalence rates peaking at age 5–9 years and rising again in adulthood. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and AD were both higher for individuals with higher SDI; however, mortality and DALYs rates of individuals with asthma had a reverse trend, with higher mortality and DALYs rates in those in the lower SDI quintiles. Of the three risk factors, high body mass index contributed to the highest DALYs and deaths due to asthma, accounting for a total of 3.65 million [95% UI: 2.14–5.60 million] asthma DALYs and 75,377 [95% UI: 40,615–122,841] asthma deaths. Conclusions: Asthma and AD continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age-standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Although both are more frequent at younger ages and more prevalent in high-SDI countries, each condition has distinct temporal and regional characteristics. Understanding the temporospatial trends in the disease burden of asthma and AD could guide future policies and interventions to better manage these diseases worldwide and achieve equity in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. © 2023 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
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