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Health Risk Assessment From Inhalation Exposure to Indoor Formaldehyde: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Publisher Pubmed



Khoshakhlagh AH1 ; Mohammadzadeh M2 ; Ghobakhloo S3 ; Cheng H4 ; Gruszeckakosowska A5 ; Knight J6
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  4. 4. MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
  5. 5. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
  6. 6. School of Geography, Archaeology & Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa

Source: Journal of Hazardous Materials Published:2024


Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated studies on formaldehyde (FA) inhalation exposure in indoor environments and related carcinogenic (CR) and non-carcinogenic (HQ) risk. Studies were obtained from Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Embase databases without time limitation until November 21, 2023. Studies not meeting the criteria of Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) were excluded. The 45 articles included belonged to the 5 types of sites: dwelling environments, educational centers, kindergartens, vehicle cabins, and other indoor environments. A meta-analysis determined the average effect size (ES) between indoor FA concentrations, CR, and HQ values in each type of indoor environment. FA concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1620 μg/m3. The highest FA concentrations were stated in water pipe cafes and the lowest in residential environments. In more than 90% of the studies uncertain (1.00 ×10−6 1.00 ×10−4) due to FA inhalation exposure was reported and non-carcinogenic risk was stated acceptable. The meta-analysis revealed the highest CR values due to inhalation of indoor FA in high-income countries. As 90% of the time is spent indoors, it is crucial to adopt effective strategies to reduce FA concentrations, especially in kindergartens and schools, with regular monitoring of indoor air quality. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
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