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Reference Values for Metal(Loid)S Concentrations in the Urine Samples of Healthy Iranian Adults: Results From the First Nationally Representative Human Biomonitoring Study Publisher Pubmed



Soleimani Z1, 2 ; Haghshenas R2 ; Farzi Y2 ; Taherkhani A3 ; Shokri Varniab Z4 ; Naserinjad M2 ; Abedinjad P2 ; Salehyan S5 ; Maeiyat A6 ; Gorgani F2 ; Mirzaei S7 ; Abbasikangevari M2 ; Naddafi K1, 3 ; Yunesian M3, 8 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Soleimani Z1, 2
  2. Haghshenas R2
  3. Farzi Y2
  4. Taherkhani A3
  5. Shokri Varniab Z4
  6. Naserinjad M2
  7. Abedinjad P2
  8. Salehyan S5
  9. Maeiyat A6
  10. Gorgani F2
  11. Mirzaei S7
  12. Abbasikangevari M2
  13. Naddafi K1, 3
  14. Yunesian M3, 8
  15. Mesdaghina A3
  16. Farzadfar F2
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Health and Work Environment Group, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
  6. 6. Environmental Health Group, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
  7. 7. Institute of methodologies for Environmetal Analysis, Italian National Research Council, Potenza, 85050, Italy
  8. 8. Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology Published:2024


Abstract

Background: This study measured the concentrations of arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in the urine samples of the Iranian adult population. Methods: This nationally representative study was conducted on 490 participants in six provinces of Iran who were selected based on the clustering method. Participants included healthy Iranian adults aged above 25 years without a history of illness and non-smokers. Fasting urine sampling, body composition, and demographic measurements were performed for each participant. Urine samples were analyzed by acid digesting method using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analysis included descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using Python programming language. Results: The geometrical mean (with corresponding reference values, µg/l) concentrations of metal(loid)s in urine for women, men, and both were 198.2 (625.3), 163.5 (486.1), and 192.5(570.4) for Al, 15.6(51.7), 28.8(71.1), and 21.9 (61.64) for As, 18.5(55.2), 20.7(56.5), and 19.22(55.75) for Pb, 17.9(57.6), 17.9 (53.9), and 17.9(56) for Ni, 13.95(47.5), 20.3(62.2) and 16(51.6) for Cr, 3.5(12.2), 2.9(11.5), and 3.3(12) for Hg, 0.74(2.7), 0.95 (3.6), and 0.81(3.1) for Cd. There was a direct relationship between the concentration of metal(loid)s and demographic indicators and body composition (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the concentration of As, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb with age and wealth index (P<0.05). Conclusions: The concentrations found could be used as the reference range for As, Al, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb for human biomonitoring studies on the Iranian adult population. © 2024 Elsevier GmbH
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