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Mapping Geographical Inequalities in Oral Rehydration Therapy Coverage in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries, 2000-17 Publisher Pubmed



Wiens KE1 ; Lindstedt PA1 ; Blacker BF1 ; Johnson KB1 ; Baumann MM1 ; Schaeffer LE1 ; Abbastabar H7 ; Abdallah F27 ; Abdelalim A27 ; Abdollahpour I33 ; Abegaz KH35, 36 ; Abejie AN42 ; Abreu LG43 ; Abrigo MRM48 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Wiens KE1
  2. Lindstedt PA1
  3. Blacker BF1
  4. Johnson KB1
  5. Baumann MM1
  6. Schaeffer LE1
  7. Abbastabar H7
  8. Abdallah F27
  9. Abdelalim A27
  10. Abdollahpour I33
  11. Abegaz KH35, 36
  12. Abejie AN42
  13. Abreu LG43
  14. Abrigo MRM48
  15. Abualhasan A27
  16. Accrombessi MMK49, 52
  17. Acharya D53, 54
  18. Adabi M59
  19. Adamu AA60, 62
  20. Adebayo OM65
  21. Adedoyin RA68
  22. Adekanmbi V70
  23. Adetokunboh OO60, 71
  24. Adhena BM72
  25. Afarideh M8, 80
  26. Ahmad S81
  27. Ahmadi K82
  28. Ahmed AE83
  29. Ahmed MB84, 88
  30. Ahmed R89, 90
  31. Akalu TY93
  32. Alahdab F97
  33. Alaly Z98, 99
  34. Alam N100, 101
  35. Alam S102
  36. Alamene GM37
  37. Alanzi TM103
  38. Alcalderabanal JE105
  39. Ali BA111, 112
  40. Alijanzadeh M113
  41. Alipour V114, 115
  42. Aljunid SM125, 126
  43. Almasi A127
  44. Almasihashiani A143
  45. Almekhlafi HM146, 147
  46. Altirkawi KA148
  47. Alvisguzman N150, 151
  48. Alviszakzuk NJ152, 153
  49. Amini S144
  50. Amit AML155, 158
  51. Andrei CL162
  52. Anjomshoa M165
  53. Anoushiravani A9
  54. Ansari F165, 167
  55. Antonio CAT156, 168
  56. Antony B170
  57. Antriyandarti E171
  58. Arabloo J114
  59. Aref HMA172
  60. Aremu O175
  61. Armoon B176, 177
  62. Arora A178, 179
  63. Aryal KK180
  64. Arzani A181
  65. Asadialiabadi M116
  66. Atalay HT186
  67. Athari SS189
  68. Athari SM190
  69. Atre SR161, 195
  70. Ausloos M196, 197
  71. Awoke N198
  72. Ayala Quintanilla BP202, 204
  73. Ayano G205
  74. Ayanore MA206
  75. Aynalem YA208
  76. Azari S114
  77. Azzopardi PS209, 210
  78. Babaee E116
  79. Babalola TK211, 215
  80. Badawi A217, 218
  81. Bairwa M159, 221
  82. Bakkannavar SM224
  83. Balakrishnan S227
  84. Bali AG228
  85. Banach M231, 232
  86. Banoub JAM233
  87. Barac A237, 238
  88. Barnighausen TW241, 242
  89. Basaleem H249
  90. Basu S243, 250
  91. Bay VD255
  92. Bayati M256
  93. Baye E260
  94. Bedi N146, 264
  95. Beheshti M265
  96. Behzadifar M266
  97. Behzadifar M266
  98. Bekele BB269, 270
  99. Belayneh YM261
  100. Bell ML271
  101. Bennett DA272
  102. Berbada DA275
  103. Bernstein RS277, 279
  104. Bhat AG280
  105. Bhattacharyya K281, 282
  106. Bhattarai S283
  107. Bhaumik S284, 285, 286
  108. Bhutta ZA219, 290
  109. Bijani A182
  110. Bikbov B292
  111. Birihane BM293, 294
  112. Biswas RK287, 295
  113. Bohlouli S296
  114. Bojia HA229
  115. Boufous S287
  116. Brady OJ50
  117. Bragazzi NL297
  118. Briko AN298
  119. Briko NI299
  120. Britton GB301, 302
  121. Burugina Nagaraja S303
  122. Busse R304
  123. Butt ZA305, 306
  124. Camera LA307, 308
  125. Camposnonato IR106
  126. Cano J49
  127. Car J251, 308, 309
  128. Cardenas R310
  129. Carvalho F311
  130. Castanedaorjuela CA154, 315
  131. Castro F302
  132. Chanie WF94, 228
  133. Chatterjee P317
  134. Chattu VK220
  135. Chichiabellu TY198
  136. Chin KL319, 322
  137. Christopher DJ323
  138. Chu DT326
  139. Cormier NM1
  140. Costa VM311
  141. Culquichicon C327
  142. Daba MS85
  143. Damiani G328, 330
  144. Dandona L1, 318, 334
  145. Dandona R1, 2, 334
  146. Dang AK335
  147. Darwesh AM337
  148. Darwish AH339
  149. Daryani A340
  150. Das JK291
  151. Das Gupta RD89, 345
  152. Dash AP346
  153. Davey G347, 349
  154. Davilacervantes CA355
  155. Davis AC252, 356
  156. Davitoiu DV163, 359
  157. De La Hoz FP316
  158. Demis AB86, 360
  159. Demissie DB94, 363, 366
  160. Demissie GD94
  161. Demoz GT187, 354
  162. Denovagutierrez E107
  163. Deribe K348, 349
  164. Desalew A230
  165. Deshpande A1
  166. Dharmaratne SD1, 2, 367
  167. Dhillon P368
  168. Dhimal M371
  169. Dhungana GP372
  170. Diaz D373, 374
  171. Dipeolu IO375
  172. Djalalinia S378
  173. Doyle KE379, 382
  174. Dubljanin E239
  175. Duko B205, 383
  176. Duraes AR385, 388
  177. Ebrahimi Kalan M389
  178. Edinur HA390
  179. Effiong A391
  180. Eftekhari A191, 393
  181. El Nahas N172
  182. El Sayed I235
  183. El Sayed Zaki M394
  184. El Tantawi M234, 236
  185. Elema TB350, 395
  186. Elhabashy HR28
  187. Eljaafary SI27
  188. Elkout H396, 397
  189. Elsharkawy A29
  190. Elyazar IRF398
  191. Endalamaw A399
  192. Endalew DA402
  193. Eskandarieh S10
  194. Esteghamati A8
  195. Esteghamati S8
  196. Etemadi A26, 403
  197. Ezekannagha O404, 405
  198. Fareed M406
  199. Faridnia R341
  200. Farzadfar F11
  201. Fazlzadeh M12, 407
  202. Feigin VL1, 410, 411
  203. Fereshtehnejad SM412, 415
  204. Fernandes E312
  205. Filip I416, 417
  206. Fischer F419
  207. Foigt NA420
  208. Folayan MO69
  209. Foroutan M421
  210. Franklin RC422
  211. Fukumoto T423, 424
  212. Gad MM425, 427
  213. Gayesa RT428
  214. Gebre T432
  215. Gebremedhin KB351
  216. Gebremeskel GG73, 186
  217. Gesesew HA74, 433
  218. Gezae KE75
  219. Ghadiri K128, 129
  220. Ghashghaee A114, 117
  221. Ghimire PR435
  222. Gill PS436
  223. Gill TK437
  224. Ginindza TG212
  225. Gomes NG312, 313
  226. Gopalani SV441, 442
  227. Goulart AC443, 444
  228. Goulart BNG447
  229. Grada A448
  230. Gubari MIM449
  231. Gugnani HC450, 451
  232. Guido D452
  233. Guimaraes RA453
  234. Guo Y319, 454
  235. Gupta R455, 456
  236. Hafezinejad N13, 160
  237. Haile DH39
  238. Hailu GB76
  239. Hajmirzaian A14, 457
  240. Hajmirzaian A14, 457
  241. Hamadeh RR463
  242. Hamidi S464
  243. Handiso DW465
  244. Haririan H166
  245. Hariyani N438, 466
  246. Hasaballah AI468
  247. Hasan MM469, 470
  248. Hasanpoor E192
  249. Hasanzadeh A15, 193
  250. Hassankhani H166
  251. Hassen HY269, 472
  252. Hegazy MI27
  253. Heibati B473
  254. Heidari B8
  255. Hendrie D205
  256. Henry NJ1
  257. Herteliu C197, 474
  258. Heydarpour F130
  259. Hidru HDD475
  260. Hird TR476, 478
  261. Hoang CL479
  262. Homaie Rad EH480, 481
  263. Hoogar P225
  264. Hoseini M257, 258
  265. Hossain N482
  266. Hosseini M16, 17
  267. Hosseinzadeh M336, 338
  268. Househ M483
  269. Hsairi M484
  270. Hu G485
  271. Hussen MM38
  272. Ibitoye SE375
  273. Igumbor EU486, 487
  274. Ilesanmi OS66, 376
  275. Ilic MD488
  276. Imaninasab MH268
  277. Iqbal U490
  278. Irvani SSN458
  279. Islam SMS492, 493
  280. Iwu CJ60, 64
  281. Izadi N459
  282. Jaca A61, 64
  283. Jahanmehr N460, 461
  284. Jakovljevic M300, 489
  285. Jalali A131, 132
  286. Jayatilleke AU494, 495
  287. Jha RP496, 497
  288. Jha V226, 284
  289. Ji JS498, 499
  290. Jonas JB501, 502
  291. Jozwiak JJ503
  292. Kabir A118
  293. Kabir Z504
  294. Kahsay A77
  295. Kalani H505
  296. Kanchan T506
  297. Karami Matin B133
  298. Karch A507
  299. Karim MA272, 508
  300. Karimisari Surendra Karki H288, 509, 510
  301. Kasaeian A18, 119
  302. Kasahun GG187
  303. Kasahun YC383
  304. Kasaye HK429
  305. Kassa GG188
  306. Kassa GM40
  307. Kayode GA511, 512
  308. Kazemi Karyani A133, 134
  309. Kebede MM514, 515
  310. Keiyoro PN516
  311. Kelbore AG199
  312. Kengne AP519, 520
  313. Ketema DB41
  314. Khader YS522
  315. Khafaie MA523
  316. Khalid N526
  317. Khalilov R527, 528
  318. Khan EA529
  319. Khan J369
  320. Khan MN392, 530
  321. Khan MS531, 532
  322. Khatab K534, 535
  323. Khater AM30
  324. Khater MM31
  325. Khayamzadeh M462, 536
  326. Khazaei M55
  327. Khazaei S56
  328. Khosravi MH120
  329. Khubchandani J537
  330. Kiadaliri A538
  331. Kim YJ539
  332. Kimokoti RW540
  333. Kisa A541, 542
  334. Kisa S543
  335. Kissoon N544
  336. Shivakumar KM357, 546
  337. Kochhar S3, 547
  338. Kolola T366
  339. Komaki H57, 548
  340. Kosen S549
  341. Koul PA550
  342. Koyanagi A551, 552
  343. Kraemer MUG244, 273
  344. Krishan K553
  345. Kugbey N207, 213
  346. Kumar GA334
  347. Kumar M517
  348. Kumar P370
  349. Kumar V245
  350. Kusuma D253, 554
  351. La Vecchia C329
  352. Lacey B272, 555
  353. Lad SD556
  354. Lal DK334
  355. Lam F557
  356. Lami FH558
  357. Lamichhane P559
  358. Lansingh VC560, 561
  359. Lasrado S562
  360. Laxmaiah A563
  361. Lee PH169
  362. Legrand KE1
  363. Leili M55
  364. Lenjebo TL200
  365. Leshargie CT564
  366. Levine AJ1
  367. Li S320
  368. Linn S565
  369. Liu S566
  370. Liu S566
  371. Lodha R222
  372. Longbottom J568
  373. Lopez JCF157, 569
  374. Magdy Abd El Razek H570
  375. Magdy Abd El Razek M571
  376. Mahadeshwara Prasad DR572, 573
  377. Mahasha PW63
  378. Mahotra NB574
  379. Majeed A251
  380. Malekzadeh R9, 259
  381. Malta DC44
  382. Mamun AA469
  383. Manafi N121, 575
  384. Manda AL163, 576
  385. Manohar NDD380
  386. Mansournia MA16
  387. Mapoma CC577
  388. Maravilla JC578
  389. Martinez G579
  390. Martini S467, 580
  391. Martinsmelo FR581
  392. Masaka A582
  393. Massenburg BB4
  394. Mathur MR332, 583
  395. Mayala BK1, 584
  396. Mazidi M585
  397. Mcalinden C588
  398. Meharie BG261
  399. Mehndiratta MM589, 590
  400. Mehta KM591
  401. Mekonnen TC262
  402. Meles GG72
  403. Memiah PTN592
  404. Memish ZA594, 595
  405. Mendoza W596
  406. Menezes RG104
  407. Mereta ST87
  408. Meretoja TJ597, 598
  409. Mestrovic T599, 600
  410. Miazgowski B601
  411. Mihretie KM400
  412. Miller TR205, 602
  413. Mini GK603, 604
  414. Mirrakhimov EM605, 606
  415. Moazen B241, 607
  416. Mohajer B10, 11
  417. Mohamadibolbanabad A608
  418. Mohammad DK413, 610
  419. Mohammad KA112, 611
  420. Mohammad Y149
  421. Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N58
  422. Mohammadibakhsh R59
  423. Mohammadifard N34
  424. Mohammed JA612
  425. Mohammed S241, 614
  426. Mohebi F11, 19
  427. Mokdad AH1, 2
  428. Molokhia M586
  429. Monasta L702
  430. Moodley Y616
  431. Moore CE274
  432. Moradi G608, 609
  433. Moradi M132
  434. Moradijoo M617
  435. Moradilakeh M116
  436. Moraga P477
  437. Morales L108
  438. Moreno Velasquez I302
  439. Mosapour A183, 618
  440. Mouodi S182
  441. Mousavi SM20
  442. Mozaffor M619, 620
  443. Muchie KF400
  444. Mulaw GF361
  445. Munro SB1
  446. Muriithi MK518
  447. Murray CJ1, 2
  448. Murthy GVS621
  449. Musa KI622
  450. Mustafa G623, 624
  451. Muthupandian S78
  452. Nabhan AF173, 625
  453. Naderi M135
  454. Nagarajan AJ626, 627
  455. Naidoo KS214, 289
  456. Naik G628
  457. Najafi F132, 136
  458. Nangia V631
  459. Nansseu JR632, 633
  460. Nascimento BR45, 46
  461. Nazari J145
  462. Ndwandwe DE62
  463. Negoi I163, 634
  464. Netsere HB95, 635
  465. Ngunjiri JW636, 637
  466. Nguyen CT335
  467. Nguyen HLT335
  468. Nguyen TH479
  469. Nigatu D401
  470. Nigatu SG93
  471. Ningrum DNA491
  472. Nnaji CA64, 521
  473. Nojomi M116, 122
  474. Nong VM335
  475. Norheim OF246, 638
  476. Noubiap JJ439
  477. Nouraei Motlagh S268
  478. Oancea B639
  479. Ogah OS377, 640
  480. Ogbo FA381
  481. Oh IH641
  482. Olagunju AT216, 642
  483. Olagunju TO643
  484. Olusanya BO645
  485. Olusanya JO645
  486. Onwujekwe OE646
  487. Oren E6, 648
  488. Ortegaaltamirano DV110
  489. Osarenotor O649
  490. Osei FB650, 651
  491. Owolabi MO67, 377
  492. P A M652
  493. Padubidri JR653
  494. Pakhale S656
  495. Patel SK657, 658
  496. Paterninacaicedo AJ659
  497. Pathak A414, 660
  498. Patton GC661, 663
  499. Paudel D664, 665
  500. Paulos K201
  501. Pepito VCF666
  502. Pereira A247, 445
  503. Perico N667
  504. Pervaiz A668
  505. Pescarini JM669
  506. Piroozi B608
  507. Pirsaheb M132
  508. Postma MJ670, 671
  509. Pourjafar H194, 672
  510. Pourmalek F545
  511. Pourshams A9
  512. Poustchi H9
  513. Prada SI674, 675
  514. Prasad N676
  515. Preotescu L164, 677
  516. Quintana H302
  517. Rabiee N678
  518. Radfar A418, 679
  519. Rafiei A342, 343
  520. Rahim F21, 524
  521. Rahimimovaghar A22
  522. Rahimimovaghar V23
  523. Rahman MHU203, 680
  524. Rahman MA681
  525. Rahman S682, 683
  526. Rajati F132
  527. Rana SM685, 686
  528. Ranabhat CL687, 688
  529. Rasella D386, 387
  530. Rawaf DL254, 689
  531. Rawaf S251, 690
  532. Rawal L691
  533. Rawasia WF692
  534. Renjith V693
  535. Renzaho AMN694, 695
  536. Resnikoff S289, 696
  537. Reta MA362, 697
  538. Rezaei N8, 11
  539. Rezai MS344
  540. Riahi SM459, 698
  541. Ribeiro AI314
  542. Rickard J699, 700
  543. Riosblancas M109
  544. Roever L701
  545. Ronfani L702
  546. Roro EM349, 430
  547. Ross JM1, 3, 5
  548. Rubagotti E703, 704
  549. Rubino S705
  550. Saad AM426
  551. Sabde YD706
  552. Sabour S459
  553. Sadeghi E132
  554. Safari Y132
  555. Safarifaramani R137
  556. Sagar R223
  557. Sahebkar A707, 708
  558. Sahraian MA10
  559. Sajadi SM709, 710
  560. Salahshoor MR138
  561. Salam N711
  562. Salamati P23
  563. Salem H32
  564. Salem MR712
  565. Salimi Y136, 139
  566. Salimzadeh H9
  567. Samy AM174
  568. Sanabria J331, 713
  569. Santricmilicevic MM238, 240
  570. Sao Jose BP47
  571. Saraswathy SYI714, 715
  572. Sarkar K358, 716
  573. Sarker AR717
  574. Sarrafzadegan N34, 545
  575. Sartorius B2, 51
  576. Sathian B718, 719
  577. Sathish T644
  578. Sawhney M720
  579. Saxena S250
  580. Schwebel DC629
  581. Senbeta AM721
  582. Senthilkumaran S722
  583. Sepanlou SG9, 259
  584. Servanmori E109
  585. Shabaninejad H123, 723
  586. Shafieesabet A724, 725
  587. Shaikh MA726
  588. Shalash AS172
  589. Shallo SA366
  590. Shamsbeyranvand M673
  591. Shamsi MB140
  592. Shamsizadeh M727
  593. Shannawaz M728
  594. Sharafi K132
  595. Sharifi H729
  596. Shehata HS27
  597. Sheikh A248, 730
  598. Shetty BSK654, 733
  599. Shibuya K587
  600. Shiferaw WS208
  601. Shifti DM365
  602. Shigematsu M734
  603. Shin JI278, 735
  604. Shiri R736
  605. Shirkoohi R24, 25
  606. Siabani S141, 737
  607. Siddiqi TJ533
  608. Silva DAS738
  609. Singh A170, 739
  610. Singh JA630, 740
  611. Singh NP741
  612. Singh V742
  613. Sisay MM93, 743
  614. Skiadaresi E744
  615. Sobhiyeh MR142
  616. Sokhan A745
  617. Soltani S132
  618. Somayaji R5, 746
  619. Soofi M139
  620. Sorrie MB275
  621. Soyiri IN731, 747
  622. Sreeramareddy CT748
  623. Sudaryanto A749, 750
  624. Sufiyan MB615
  625. Suleria HAR662
  626. Sultana M91, 751
  627. Sunguya BF752
  628. Sykes BL753
  629. Tabaresseisdedos R754, 755
  630. Tabuchi T756
  631. Tadesse DB186, 757
  632. Tarigan IU758
  633. Tasew AA75, 721
  634. Tefera YM263, 440
  635. Tekle MG228
  636. Temsah M148, 594
  637. Tesfay BE434, 475
  638. Tesfay FH72
  639. Tessema B96
  640. Tessema ZT93
  641. Thankappan KR759
  642. Thomas N324
  643. Toma A384
  644. Topormadry R760, 761
  645. Tovanipalone MR762, 763
  646. Traini E513
  647. Tran BX764
  648. Tran KB765, 766
  649. Ullah I767, 768
  650. Unnikrishnan B655
  651. Usman MS532
  652. Uzochukwu BSC647
  653. Valdez PR308, 769
  654. Varughese S325
  655. Violante FS770, 771
  656. Vollmer S246, 772
  657. Whawariat FG275
  658. Waheed Y773
  659. Wallin MT593, 774
  660. Wang Y775
  661. Wang YP446
  662. Weaver M1, 2
  663. Weji BG364
  664. Weldesamuel GT186
  665. Welgan CA1
  666. Werdecker A778, 780
  667. Westerman R779
  668. Wiangkham T781
  669. Wiysonge CS64, 521
  670. Wolde HF93
  671. Wondafrash DZ79, 352
  672. Wonde TE41
  673. Worku GT276, 782
  674. Wu AM783
  675. Xu G784
  676. Yadollahpour A525
  677. Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH785
  678. Yamada T684
  679. Yatsuya H786, 787
  680. Yeshaneh A402
  681. Yilgwan CS788, 789
  682. Yilma MT431
  683. Yip P790, 791
  684. Yisma E353
  685. Yonemoto N792, 793
  686. Yoon SJ794
  687. Younis MZ795, 796
  688. Yousefifard M124
  689. Yousof HASA31
  690. Yu C775, 776
  691. Yusefzadeh H797
  692. Zadey S500
  693. Zaidi Z798
  694. Zaman SB92, 321
  695. Zamani M184
  696. Zandian H408, 409
  697. Zepro NB613, 799
  698. Zerfu TA732, 800
  699. Zhang Y801, 802
  700. Zhao XJG777, 803
  701. Ziapour A141
  702. Zodpey S333
  703. Zuniga YMH804
  704. Hay SI1, 2

Source: The Lancet Global Health Published:2020


Abstract

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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