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Tumor Immunotherapies by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Icis); the Pros and Cons Publisher Pubmed



Naimi A1 ; Mohammed RN2, 3 ; Raji A4 ; Chupradit S5 ; Yumashev AV6 ; Suksatan W7 ; Shalaby MN8 ; Thangavelu L9 ; Kamrava S10 ; Shomali N11 ; Sohrabi AD11, 12 ; Adili A13 ; Norooziaghideh A14 ; Razeghian E15
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Source: Cell Communication and Signaling Published:2022


Abstract

The main breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy was the discovery of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, which act as a potent suppressor of the immune system by a myriad of mechanisms. After that, scientists focused on the immune checkpoint molecules mainly. Thereby, much effort was spent to progress novel strategies for suppressing these inhibitory axes, resulting in the evolution of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Then, ICIs have become a promising approach and shaped a paradigm shift in tumor immunotherapies. CTLA-4 plays an influential role in attenuation of the induction of naive and memory T cells by engagement with its responding ligands like B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Besides, PD-1 is predominantly implicated in adjusting T cell function in peripheral tissues through its interaction with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2. Given their suppressive effects on anti-tumor immunity, it has firmly been documented that ICIs based therapies can be practical and rational therapeutic approaches to treat cancer patients. Nonetheless, tumor inherent or acquired resistance to ICI and some treatment-related toxicities restrict their application in the clinic. The current review will deliver a comprehensive overview of the ICI application to treat human tumors alone or in combination with other modalities to support more desired outcomes and lower toxicities in cancer patients. [MediaObject not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, The Author(s).
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