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Geographical Analysis of Fluoride and Nitrate and Its Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Monte Carlo Simulation and Gis in Potable Water in Rural Areas of Mathura Region, Uttar Pradesh, Northern India Publisher



Ali S1 ; Ahmad S2 ; Usama M3 ; Islam R4 ; Shadab A5 ; Deolia RK6 ; Kumar J7 ; Rastegar A8 ; Mohammadi AA9, 10 ; Khurshid S2 ; Oskoei V11 ; Nazari SA12
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Science, Sharda School of Smart Agriculture, Sharda University Agra, Keetham, Agra, 282007, India
  2. 2. Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
  4. 4. Department of Civil Engineering, GLA University Mathura, India
  5. 5. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Uttar Pradesh, Greater Noida, 201306, India
  6. 6. Department of Applied Science (Mathematics), G.L. Bajaj Group of Institutions, Mathura, India
  7. 7. Department of Mathematics and Computing, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
  8. 8. Department of Environmental Health, School of Health and Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  10. 10. Workplace Health Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  11. 11. School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
  12. 12. Medical Nanotechnology Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine. Tehran, Iran

Source: Heliyon Published:2024


Abstract

Human health is being increasingly exposed to fluoride and nitrate ingestion globally due to anthropogenic alternations in groundwater resources. In the present research work, a hazard quotient (HQ), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and geographic information systems (GIS) have been used to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate and fluoride in vulnerable adults, teenagers, and children living in far-flung areas of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. About 110 samples from some nearby populations were collected and analyzed for nitrates by ion chromatography and fluoride by a fluoride-selective electrode. The results indicated that the concentrations of fluoride and nitrate in the sampling areas ranged from 0.21 to 1.71 mg/L and 0.4–183.54 mg/L, respectively, with mean concentrations of about 1.20 mg/L and 51.52 mg/L for fluoride and nitrate, respectively. The results indicated that 27.27 % of the fluoride samples (27 out of 110) and 45.45 % of the nitrate samples (44 out of 110) were above the standard limits set by WHO. The calculated average HQ values fluoride and Nitrate for children, teenagers and adults were 1.88, 0.98, 0.90 and 3.02, 1.57, 1.45 respectively The 95th percentile HQ values for fluoride were 2.87 for children and 1.03 for adults, while those for nitrate were 4.10 for children and 1.98 for adults. Results of the health risk assessment show that there is a high potential for both non-carcinogenic and cancer risks from fluoride and nitrate through the consumption of groundwater. The Monte Carlo simulation showed the uncertainties and increased risks for children; therefore, one can infer that rural groundwater of the Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, India, must be treated to make it potable for consumption. © 2024 The Authors
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