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Induced Lactation in Non-Gestational Mothers in Iran: Outcomes and Predictors of Breastfeeding Success Publisher Pubmed



Marandi SA1 ; Zanjani NE1 ; Ravari M1 ; Mazloom M1 ; Khanlou ZM1 ; Kasaeian A2, 3, 4
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Iranian Breastfeeding Promotion Society, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Clinical Research Development Unit, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine Published:2025


Abstract

Background: Induced lactation allows non-gestational mothers, such as those adopting or using surrogacy, to breastfeed their children. While widely practiced in various contexts, little research exists on its application in Iran. This study aimed to assess the success and duration of induced lactation in Iranian mothers without prior pregnancy. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted between 2013 and 2021, recruiting mothers who became parents through surrogacy or adoption. Participants followed a protocol using hormonal (combined oral contraceptives, domperidone) and non-hormonal methods (breast stimulation). Data on breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and reasons for cessation were collected through regular follow-up. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess factors influencing breastfeeding duration. Results: Of the 117 mothers, 100 breastfed for<180 days and 17 for≥180 days. The median breastfeeding duration was significantly longer in the≥180 days group (240 days vs. 30 days, P<0.001). Exclusive breastfeeding up to 120 days was much more common in the≥180 days group (70.60% vs. 24%, P<0.001) while biological reasons were the primary cause of cessation in both groups but with different frequencies (100% vs. 75%, P=0.022). The results of logistic regression showed that exclusive breastfeeding for 120 days increased the likelihood of successful breastfeeding for≥180 days (OR: 5.72 (1.76‒18.61), P=0.004) adjusting for mother’s age (1.02 (0.92‒1.12), P=0.755), duration of Domperidone use (1.01 (0.98‒1.04), P=0.536), duration of LD use (1.04 (0.95‒1.15), P=0.366), and reason for stopping breastfeeding (7.02 (0.39‒125.30), P=0.185). Conclusion: This first Iranian study on induced lactation underscores the role of early exclusive breastfeeding in extending breastfeeding duration. Pharmacological support aids in initiating lactation, but long-term success relies on consistent breastfeeding practices. These findings highlight the need for culturally tailored guidelines and support for non-gestational mothers in Iran. 2025 The Author(s).