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Reducing Free Residual Chlorine Using Four Simple Physical Methods in Drinking Water: Effect of Different Parameters, Monitoring Microbial Regrowth of Culturable Heterotrophic Bacteria, and Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies Publisher



Sheikhi R1, 2 ; Mahvi AH1, 2 ; Baghani AN1 ; Hadi M2 ; Sorooshian A3, 4 ; Delikhoon M5 ; Golbaz S1, 2 ; Dalvand A6 ; Johar F7 ; Ghalhari MR1, 2
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  4. 4. Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
  5. 5. Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  6. 6. Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Physics, School of Basic Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Source: Toxin Reviews Published:2021


Abstract

While chlorination is critical for water disinfection, a knowledge gap includes the nature of free residual chlorine (FRC) decay, which was investigated using four physical methods (SSA, SSR with and without a lid, heating, and incubator shaker). Keeping water samples in SSA and SSR methods for 24 h resulted in the FRC decline by 62% and 51%, respectively. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) increased significantly between initial (3.17 ± 2.6–3.82 ± 1.1 CFU/mL) and final samples (6.7 ± 1.5–94.7 ± 4.72 CFU/mL) for both SSA and SSR methods. Thermodynamic behavior (ΔH versus ΔG) of FRC decay of the different methods was characterized. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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