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Destruction of Cariogenic Biofilms by Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Phycocyanin and Toluidine Blue Along With Sodium Fluoride Varnish or Titanium Tetrafluoride Publisher Pubmed



Moradi Z1 ; Baghbani F1 ; Kermanshah H1 ; Chiniforush N2 ; Afrasiabi S3
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, Genoa, Italy
  3. 3. Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Published:2024


Abstract

Objective: Evaluation of the effect of phycocyanin (PC) and toluidine blue (TBO) along with sodium fluoride varnish (FV) or titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) under the conditions of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) on a dual-species cariogenic biofilm and on remineralization process. Design: After the development of Streptococcus mutansStreptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus dual-species biofilms on the human enamel disks, they were divided into 11 groups (n = 9): Control (0.9 % saline), PC, TBO, FV, and TiF4 alone, PC and TBO in combination with a 635 nm diode laser (PDT treatment), PC-PDT+ (PC + FV or TiF4 + 635 nm diode laser), and TBO-PDT+ (TBO + FV or TiF4 + 635 nm diode laser). After the treatment, crystal violet assay was performed to determine the reduction of cariogenic biofilms. Enamel remineralization changes were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for the calcium and phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio. Results: Only TBO-PDT+ showed superior antibiofilm activity when TiF4 was applied. Furthermore, the highest Ca/P ratio was found after treatment of enamel surfaces with TiF4-TBO-PDT+. The FESEM images showed that the enamel disks treated with TiF4 plus TBO-mediated PDT exhibited surface coating. However, TiF4 plus PC-mediated PDT cannot repair demineralized enamel. Conclusions: These data suggest that TBO-PDT along with TiF4 can effectively reduce cariogenic biofilms and significantly remineralize enamel disks, opening new avenues in caries prevention. © 2024 The Author(s)
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