3D-Printed Functional Biphasic Scaffolds With Nanocomposites for Osteochondral Regeneration: A Step Toward Bioengineered Cartilage and Bone Integration Publisher



Khoshnood N ; Shahrezaee M ; Frampton JP ; Shahrezaee MH ; Zamanian A
Source: Advanced Materials Interfaces Published:2025

Abstract

Repair of osteochondral defects remains a great challenge because of the complex interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone, each of which has distinct structural, biological, and mechanical properties. Here, the fabrication and of a novel 3D printed biphasic osteochondral scaffold composed of polycaprolactone/laponite (PL) is demonstrated for the bone layer and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)-loaded polycaprolactone/chitosan (PC) for the cartilage layer. Comprehensive characterization of the scaffold revealed gradient mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity, replicating the structural requirements of native osteochondral tissue. In vitro biological assays demonstrated enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for both cartilage and bone layers. The PL layer exhibited osteogenic capacity, while the MSM-loaded PC layer facilitated chondrogenesis. Additionally, the scaffold displayed controlled degradation and sustained release of MSM, further promoting extracellular matrix production. Altogether, the results suggest that the designed biphasic scaffold represents a promising platform for osteochondral tissue regeneration. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.