Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study

Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study Publisher Pubmed

Castrocalvo J¹ ; King DL² ; Stein DJ³ ; Brand M⁴ ; Carmi L⁵ ; Chamberlain SR^{6, 7} ; Demetrovics Z⁸ ; Fineberg NA^{9, 10} ; Rumpf HJ¹¹ ; Yucel M¹² ; Achab S^{13, 14} ; Ambekar A¹⁵ ; Bahar N¹⁶ ; Blaszczynski A¹⁷ Show All Authors

Castrocalvo J¹
King DL²
Stein DJ³
Brand M⁴
Carmi L⁵
Chamberlain SR^{6, 7}
Demetrovics Z⁸
Fineberg NA^{9, 10}
Rumpf HJ¹¹
Yucel M¹²
Achab S^{13, 14}
Ambekar A¹⁵
Bahar N¹⁶
Blaszczynski A¹⁷
Bowdenjones H^{18, 19}
Carbonell X²⁰
Chan EML²¹
Ko CH²²
De Timary P²³
Dufour M²⁴
Grallbronnec M^{25, 26}
Lee HK²⁷
Higuchi S²⁸
Jimenezmurcia S^{29, 30}
Kiraly O⁸
Kuss DJ³¹
Long J^{32, 33}
Muller A³⁴
Pallanti S³⁵
Potenza MN³⁶
Rahimimovaghar A³⁷
Saunders JB³⁸
Schimmenti A³⁹
Lee SY⁴⁰
Siste K^{41, 42}
Spritzer DT⁴³
Starcevic V⁴⁴
Weinstein AM⁴⁵
Wolfling K⁴⁶
Billieux J^{47, 48}

Show Affiliations

1. Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain
2. College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Australia
3. SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
4. General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
5. The Data Science Institute, Inter-disciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
6. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
7. Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
8. Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
9. University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom
10. University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
11. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
12. BrainPark, School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
13. Specialized Facility In Behavioral Addictions, ReConnecte, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Generva, Switzerland
14. Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
15. National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
16. Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Selayang, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
17. Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
18. National Centre for Gaming Disorders, London, United Kingdom
19. University College London, London, United Kingdom
20. Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
21. St John's Cathedral Counselling Service, and Division on Addiction, Hong Kong
22. Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
23. Department of Adult Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
24. Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
25. CHU Nantes, Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, Nantes, France
26. Universites de Nantes et Tours, UMR 1246, Nantes, France
27. Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
28. National Hospital Organization, Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan
29. Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
30. Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
31. International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
32. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
33. Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Science Research Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
34. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
35. Neuroscience Institute, University of Florence, Italy
36. Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
37. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
38. Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
39. Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
40. Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
41. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
42. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
43. Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
44. Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
45. Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Israel
46. Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
47. Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
48. Health and Behaviour Institute, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

Source: Addiction Published:2021

Abstract

Background and aims: Following the recognition of ‘internet gaming disorder’ (IGD) as a condition requiring further study by the DSM-5, ‘gaming disorder’ (GD) was officially included as a diagnostic entity by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the proposed diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder remain the subject of debate, and there has been no systematic attempt to integrate the views of different groups of experts. To achieve a more systematic agreement on this new disorder, this study employed the Delphi expert consensus method to obtain expert agreement on the diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value of the DSM-5 criteria and ICD-11 clinical guidelines for GD. Methods: A total of 29 international experts with clinical and/or research experience in GD completed three iterative rounds of a Delphi survey. Experts rated proposed criteria in progressive rounds until a pre-determined level of agreement was achieved. Results: For DSM-5 IGD criteria, there was an agreement both that a subset had high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value and that some (e.g. tolerance, deception) had low diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Crucially, some DSM-5 criteria (e.g. escapism/mood regulation, tolerance) were regarded as incapable of distinguishing between problematic and non-problematic gaming. In contrast, ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD (except for the criterion relating to diminished non-gaming interests) were judged as presenting high diagnostic validity, clinical utility and prognostic value. Conclusions: This Delphi survey provides a foundation for identifying the most diagnostically valid and clinically useful criteria for GD. There was expert agreement that some DSM-5 criteria were not clinically relevant and may pathologize non-problematic patterns of gaming, whereas ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines are likely to diagnose GD adequately and avoid pathologizing. © 2021 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Castrocalvo J, et al.. "Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study." Addiction, vol. 116, no. 9, 2021, pp. 2463-2475.
APA	Castrocalvo J, King DL, Stein DJ, Brand M, Carmi L, Chamberlain SR, Demetrovics Z, Fineberg NA, Rumpf HJ, Yucel M, Achab S, Ambekar A, Bahar N, Blaszczynski A, Bowdenjones H, Carbonell X, Chan EML, Ko CH, De Timary P, ... Billieux J (2021). Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study. Addiction, 116(9), 2463-2475.
Chicago	Castrocalvo J, King DL, Stein DJ, Brand M, Carmi L, Chamberlain SR, Demetrovics Z, et al.. "Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study." Addiction 116, no. 9 (2021): 2463-2475.
Harvard	Castrocalvo J et al. (2021) 'Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study', Addiction, 116(9), pp. 2463-2475.
Vancouver	Castrocalvo J, King DL, Stein DJ, Brand M, Carmi L, Chamberlain SR, et al.. Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study. Addiction. 2021;116(9):2463-2475.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Castrocalvo J and King DL and Stein DJ and Brand M and Carmi L and Chamberlain SR and Demetrovics Z and Fineberg NA and Rumpf HJ and Yucel M and Achab S and Ambekar A and Bahar N and Blaszczynski A and Bowdenjones H and Carbonell X and Chan EML and Ko CH and De Timary P and Dufour M and Grallbronnec M and Lee HK and Higuchi S and Jimenezmurcia S and Kiraly O and Kuss DJ and Long J and Muller A and Pallanti S and Potenza MN and Rahimimovaghar A and Saunders JB and Schimmenti A and Lee SY and Siste K and Spritzer DT and Starcevic V and Weinstein AM and Wolfling K and Billieux J}, title = {Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study}, journal = {Addiction}, volume = {116}, number = {9}, pages = {2463-2475}, year = {2021} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Castrocalvo J AU - King DL AU - Stein DJ AU - Brand M AU - Carmi L AU - Chamberlain SR AU - Demetrovics Z AU - Fineberg NA AU - Rumpf HJ AU - Yucel M AU - Achab S AU - Ambekar A AU - Bahar N AU - Blaszczynski A AU - Bowdenjones H AU - Carbonell X AU - Chan EML AU - Ko CH AU - De Timary P AU - Dufour M AU - Grallbronnec M AU - Lee HK AU - Higuchi S AU - Jimenezmurcia S AU - Kiraly O AU - Kuss DJ AU - Long J AU - Muller A AU - Pallanti S AU - Potenza MN AU - Rahimimovaghar A AU - Saunders JB AU - Schimmenti A AU - Lee SY AU - Siste K AU - Spritzer DT AU - Starcevic V AU - Weinstein AM AU - Wolfling K AU - Billieux J TI - Expert Appraisal of Criteria for Assessing Gaming Disorder: An International Delphi Study JO - Addiction VL - 116 IS - 9 SP - 2463 EP - 2475 PY - 2021 ER -

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