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Fluoride Content and Hazard Quotient for Beverages Marketed in Iran



Tangestani M1 ; Mahvi AH2, 3 ; Dobaradaran S4, 5, 6, 7 ; Jamali M1 ; Saeedi R8 ; Spitz J9
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Center for Solid Waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  5. 5. The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  7. 7. Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg and Essen, Germany
  8. 8. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Akademie fur menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, Schlangenbad, 65388, Germany

Source: Fluoride Published:2021

Abstract

Beverages are one of the main sources of fluoride (F) entry to the body, especially in some countries located in the tropical regions. The aim of this study was to determine, for various beverages available in markets in Iran, the F concentration, the estimated daily intake, and the hazard quotient value (HQ), a measure of non-carcinogenic risk. The beverages studied were: doogh (a popular dairy-based drink in the Middle East produced from fermented milk made from mixing yoghurt, water, herbs, and salt), carbonated soft drinks, non-alcoholic beers, and energy drinks. The F contents of 105 beverage samples were analyzed by using an ion-selective electrode. The range and mean values (mg L-1) of the F concentrations found in the various beverages were: doogh: 0.058–0.86, 0.21; carbonated soft drinks: 0.012–1.10, 0.23; non-alcoholic beers: 0.006–0.58, 0.11; and energy drinks: 0.076–1.60, 0.37. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the F levels of the energy drinks and the other beverages. The HQ values for all the age groups showed that no significant risk of fluoride toxicity for consumers was present due to beverage consumption. However, it should be noted that other F sources such as drinking water, food, toothpaste and other beverages, such as different types of tea, may contribute to a higher intake of F in body and consequently, increase the risk of adverse health effects from high F exposure. © 2021, International Society for Fluoride Research. All rights reserved.
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