Comparing Approaches for Deriving Diabetes Care Cascades to Inform Policy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Using National Data From 88 Countries Publisher Pubmed



Teufel F ; Theilmann M ; Marcus ME ; Sulola MA ; Guwatudde D ; Quintana HK ; Banegas JR ; Soniwala A ; Kim S ; Aryal K ; Bahendeka S ; Bicaba B ; Damasceno A ; Farzadfar F Show All Authors
Source: Diabetes Care Published:2026

Abstract

OBJECTIVE Care cascade indicators are widely used to monitor national diabetes control efforts. However, diabetes definitions used to derive care cascades vary across studies, which may markedly affect results and subsequent policy decisions. Here, we examine the magnitude of resultant differences between approaches. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed nationally representative, cross-sectional data of 800,348 individuals aged ≥25 years from 88 countries in 2008-2021. We used two different diabetes definitions: elevated biomarkers (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≥6.5%; fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L; or random plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L) or self-reported diagnosis (“diagnosis-based definition”) versus elevated biomarkers or self-reported treatment (“treatment-based definition”). Care cascade estimates included 1) proportions of individuals with diabetes who were diagnosed, and proportions of individuals with diagnosed diabetes who 2) received treatment and 3) attained glycemic control. We benchmarked results against World Health Organization (WHO) diabetes targets. RESULTS Diabetes prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI 12.1-13.8) applying the diagnosis-based definition and 11.3% (95% CI 10.5-12.1) with the treatment-based definition. Using the diagnosis-based rather than treatment-based diabetes definition to derive care cascades consistently increased the percentages of those who attain diagnosis and control stages but decreased percentages of those receiving treatment. Across countries, median differences between approaches were 11.3% (interquartile range [IQR] 5.1-24.7) for diabetes diagnosis, 21.6% (IQR 14.5-37.8) for treatment, and 16.4% (IQR 7.8-26.8) for control. The WHO 80% glycemic control target was met by 22% versus 6% of countries when using the diagnosis-based versus treatment-based definition, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Care cascade estimates diverged substantially and consistently across diabetes definitions, skewing policy implications in predictable ways. Harmonizing diabetes performance metrics may improve decision-making and facilitate cross-country comparisons. © 2026 by the American Diabetes Association.