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Smart Micro/Nanoparticles in Stimulus-Responsive Drug/Gene Delivery Systems Publisher Pubmed



Karimi M1 ; Ghasemi A2 ; Sahandi Zangabad P2 ; Rahighi R3, 4 ; Moosavi Basri SM5, 6 ; Mirshekari H7 ; Amiri M2 ; Shafaei Pishabad Z8 ; Aslani A2 ; Bozorgomid M9 ; Ghosh D10 ; Beyzavi A11 ; Vaseghi A12 ; Aref AR13 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Karimi M1
  2. Ghasemi A2
  3. Sahandi Zangabad P2
  4. Rahighi R3, 4
  5. Moosavi Basri SM5, 6
  6. Mirshekari H7
  7. Amiri M2
  8. Shafaei Pishabad Z8
  9. Aslani A2
  10. Bozorgomid M9
  11. Ghosh D10
  12. Beyzavi A11
  13. Vaseghi A12
  14. Aref AR13
  15. Haghani L14
  16. Bahrami S1
  17. Hamblin MR15, 16, 17
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-9466, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Research and Development, Sharif Ultrahigh Nanotechnologists (SUN) Company, P.O. Box: 13488-96394, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), West Entrance Blvd., P.O. Box: 14857-33111, Olympic Village, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India
  8. 8. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Applied Chemistry, Central Branch of Islamic Azad, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine (SATiM), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. School of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA, United States
  12. 12. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technologies of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, United States
  14. 14. School of Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
  15. 15. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, United States
  16. 16. Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, United States
  17. 17. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States

Source: Chemical Society Reviews Published:2016


Abstract

New achievements in the realm of nanoscience and innovative techniques of nanomedicine have moved micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) to the point of becoming actually useful for practical applications in the near future. Various differences between the extracellular and intracellular environments of cancerous and normal cells and the particular characteristics of tumors such as physicochemical properties, neovasculature, elasticity, surface electrical charge, and pH have motivated the design and fabrication of inventive smart MNPs for stimulus-responsive controlled drug release. These novel MNPs can be tailored to be responsive to pH variations, redox potential, enzymatic activation, thermal gradients, magnetic fields, light, and ultrasound (US), or can even be responsive to dual or multi-combinations of different stimuli. This unparalleled capability has increased their importance as site-specific controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) and has encouraged their rapid development in recent years. An in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these DDS approaches is expected to further contribute to this groundbreaking field of nanomedicine. Smart nanocarriers in the form of MNPs that can be triggered by internal or external stimulus are summarized and discussed in the present review, including pH-sensitive peptides and polymers, redox-responsive micelles and nanogels, thermo- or magnetic-responsive nanoparticles (NPs), mechanical- or electrical-responsive MNPs, light or ultrasound-sensitive particles, and multi-responsive MNPs including dual stimuli-sensitive nanosheets of graphene. This review highlights the recent advances of smart MNPs categorized according to their activation stimulus (physical, chemical, or biological) and looks forward to future pharmaceutical applications. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016.
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