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Differential Pulse Voltammetric Immunosensor for Direct and Label-Free Detection of Vegf Using Variable Domain of Heavy-Chain Antibody Displaying Phage Publisher



Rezaei ZS1 ; Ebrahimi M2 ; Tabaei O2 ; Ghajari Y3 ; Shahangian SS4 ; Heidari N2 ; Norouzi P2, 5 ; Sajedi RH1
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al Ahmad St. P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
  5. 5. Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Microchemical Journal Published:2024


Abstract

Herein the pioneering label-free electrochemistry-based immunosensor with exceptional sensitivity for the rapid and efficient detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was precisely designed based on the phage display technique. The specific variable domain of a heavy-chain antibody (VHH)-displaying phage against VEGF8–109 was successfully immobilized on Au nanoparticles deposited gold electrode modified by 3-mercapto propionic acid and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and then, carbodiimide coupling reaction using N-hydroxysuccinimide and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride. Electrochemical characterizations of the proposed immunosensor were performed by PM-FT-IRRAS, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Electrochemical measurements were performed using differential pulse voltammetry in phosphate buffer containing [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– ions as a probe, where the decline in the peak current value was related to a concentration of the antigen cast on the surface of the immunosensor. Under the optimum conditions (pH 7.4, interval time 20 s, and step potential 0.1 V), a linear range of response for the detection of VEGF8–109 by immunosensor was 0.03–10,000 pg/mL (in log concentration), with a limit of detection of 11 fg/mL. The specificity of the immunosensor was also investigated against some typical blood growth factors. The novel immunosensor was applied to evaluate VEGF levels in human serum specimens clinically. The recommended immunosensor was uncomplicated, reasonably priced, and showed adequate accuracy and specificity, which could be applied in the early diagnosis of tumors. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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