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Extraction and Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil and Vegetables Irrigated With Treated Municipal Wastewater Using New Mode of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on the Solidified Deep Eutectic Solvent Followed by Gfaas Publisher Pubmed



Habibollahi MH1 ; Karimyan K2 ; Arfaeinia H3, 4 ; Mirzaei N5, 6 ; Safari Y7 ; Akramipour R8 ; Sharafi H7 ; Fattahi N7
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran
  2. 2. Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  8. 8. School of Medical, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Source: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture Published:2019


Abstract

BACKGROUND: In this research, a new extraction method based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and the solidification of deep eutectic solvent has been developed for the determination of heavy metals in soil and vegetables prior to their analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). In this method, a green solvent consisting of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol was used as an extraction solvent, yielding the advantages of material stability, low density and a suitable freezing point near room temperature. RESULTS: Under optimal conditions, enrichment factors are in the range of 114–172. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 0.02–200 µg kg−1 and limits of detection are in the range of 0.01–0.03 µg kg−1. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 0.80 µg kg−1 of Hg and 0.20 µg kg−1 of Pb and Cd in analyzed samples were in the range of 2.3–4.1% and 3.7–6.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A new deep eutectic solvent consists of two parts: 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-undecanol in a molar ratio of 1:2. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was also assessed by determining the concentration of the studied metal ions in a polluted farmland soil standard reference material. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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