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Ion-Pair Switchable-Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Paraquat in Environmental and Biological Samples Before High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Publisher Pubmed



Rahimi Kakavandi N1 ; Ezoddin M2 ; Abdi K3, 4 ; Ghazikhansari M1 ; Amini M3, 4 ; Shahtaheri SJ5
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Radiopharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Source: Journal of Separation Science Published:2017


Abstract

An approach involving ion-pair switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography has been applied for the preconcentration and separation of paraquat in a real sample. A mixture of triethylamine and water was used as the switchable-hydrophilicity solvent. The pH was regulated using carbon dioxide; hence the ratio of the ionized and non-ionized form of triethylamine could control the optimum conditions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was utilized as an ion-pairing agent. The ion-associate complex formed between the cationic paraquat and sodium dodecyl sulfate was extracted into triethylamine. The separation of the two phases was carried out by the addition of sodium hydroxide, which changed the ionization state of triethylamine. The effects of some important parameters on the extraction recovery were investigated. Under the optimum conditions (500 μL of the extraction solvent, 1 mg sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2.0 mL of 10 mol/L sodium hydroxide, and pH 4), the limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.2 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively, with preconcentration factor of 74. The precision (RSD, n = 10) was <5%. The recovery of the analyte in environmental and biological samples was in the range of 90.0–92.3%. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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