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Metabolic Risk Factors Attributed Burden in Iran at National and Subnational Levels, 1990 to 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Moradi S1 ; Parsaei A1 ; Moghaddam SS1 ; Aryannejad A1, 2 ; Azadnajafabad S1 ; Rezaei N1, 3 ; Mashinchi B1, 2 ; Esfahani Z1 ; Shobeiri P4 ; Rezaei N1, 3 ; Aali A5 ; Abbasikangevari M1 ; Abbasikangevari Z1, 6 ; Abdollahi S7 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Moradi S1
  2. Parsaei A1
  3. Moghaddam SS1
  4. Aryannejad A1, 2
  5. Azadnajafabad S1
  6. Rezaei N1, 3
  7. Mashinchi B1, 2
  8. Esfahani Z1
  9. Shobeiri P4
  10. Rezaei N1, 3
  11. Aali A5
  12. Abbasikangevari M1
  13. Abbasikangevari Z1, 6
  14. Abdollahi S7
  15. Absalan A8, 9
  16. Afaghi S10
  17. Ahmadi A11, 12
  18. Ahmadi AM13, 14
  19. Ahmadi S15
  20. Ajami M16, 17
  21. Akhlaghdoust M18, 19
  22. Alatab S20
  23. Alimohamadi Y21
  24. Amirbehghadami M22, 23
  25. Amiri S24
  26. Anvari D25, 26
  27. Arabloo J27
  28. Askari E28
  29. Athari SS29
  30. Avan A30
  31. Azari S31
  32. Babamohamadi H32
  33. Baghcheghi N33
  34. Bagherieh S34
  35. Baradaran HR35, 36
  36. Bashiri A37
  37. Dianatinasab M38, 39
  38. Djalalinia S40
  39. Dodangeh M41
  40. Dolatshahi M42
  41. Edalati S43
  42. Farrokhpour H1, 4
  43. Fatehizadeh A44
  44. Ghadirian F45
  45. Ghashghaee A46
  46. Gholami A47, 48
  47. Goleij P49
  48. Hafezinejad N4, 50
  49. Hasani H51, 52
  50. Hassanipour S53, 54
  51. Heidariforoozan M1, 55
  52. Hessami K56, 57
  53. Hosseini K58, 59
  54. Hosseini MS60
  55. Hosseini SK61
  56. Hoveidamanesh S62
  57. Iravanpour F63
  58. Irilouzadian R55, 64
  59. Jamalpoor Z65
  60. Jamialahmadi T66, 67
  61. Kabir A68
  62. Kaydi N69
  63. Kazemian S70, 71
  64. Keykhaei M1, 72
  65. Khafaie MA73
  66. Khanmohammadi S1, 4
  67. Khateri S74
  68. Kompani F75
  69. Koohestani HR76
  70. Mahjoub S77, 78
  71. Mahmoodpoor A79
  72. Mahmoudimanesh M80
  73. Rad EM81
  74. Malekpour MR1
  75. Malekzadeh R20, 82
  76. Mansournia MA83
  77. Marjani A84
  78. Mohammadi E1, 4
  79. Momtazmanesh S1, 4
  80. Moradi M85
  81. Moradilakeh M86
  82. Moradpour F87
  83. Morovatdar N88
  84. Nejadghaderi SA1, 55
  85. Noori M85
  86. Nouraei H89
  87. Nowroozi A4
  88. Okatialiabad H90
  89. Pourshams A20
  90. Rahimi M91
  91. Rahmani S1, 55
  92. Rahmanian V92
  93. Rashedi S1, 59
  94. Rashidi MM1, 6
  95. Razeghianjahromi I93
  96. Rezaee M58, 94
  97. Sabzmakan L95
  98. Sadeghi E96
  99. Sadeghi M97
  100. Sadeghian S98
  101. Sahebkar A99, 100
  102. Salimzadeh H20
  103. Sargazi S101
  104. Sarrafzadegan N102, 103
  105. Sepanlou SG20, 82
  106. Shafeghat M4
  107. Shafie M104
  108. Shahbandi A4
  109. Shahrakisanavi F90
  110. Shamsbeyranvand M105
  111. Sharifirazavi A106
  112. Shorofi SA107, 108
  113. Tabatabaeizadeh SA109
  114. Tahamtan A110
  115. Taheri M111, 112
  116. Vahabi SM4
  117. Vaziri S113
  118. Yazdanpanah F114, 115
  119. Zahir M116
  120. Zangiabadian M55
  121. Zare I117
  122. Zareshahrabadi Z89
  123. Naghavi M118, 119
  124. Larijani B3
  125. Farzadfar F1, 3
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  6. 6. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Nutrition, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
  8. 8. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  9. 9. Department of Research and Development, Satras Biotechnology Company, Tehran, Iran
  10. 10. Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  12. 12. Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13. Department of Neurology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  14. 14. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  15. 15. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  16. 16. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
  17. 17. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  18. 18. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  19. 19. International Federation of Inventors’ Associations, Geneva, South Africa
  20. 20. Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  23. 23. Department of Health Service Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz, Iran
  24. 24. Quran and Hadith Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  26. 26. Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  27. 27. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  29. 29. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  30. 30. Department of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  31. 31. Hospital Management Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
  33. 33. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  34. 34. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  35. 35. Department of Epidemiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER), Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
  37. 37. Department of Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  38. 38. Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
  39. 39. Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  40. 40. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  41. 41. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  42. 42. Department of Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Saint Louis, Iran
  43. 43. Department of Community Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  44. 44. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  45. 45. Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  46. 46. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  47. 47. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  48. 48. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
  49. 49. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  50. 50. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  51. 51. Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  52. 52. Ophthalmic Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  53. 53. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  54. 54. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  55. 55. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Maternal Fetal Care Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  57. 57. Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  58. 58. Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  59. 59. Department of Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  60. 60. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  61. 61. Department of Interventional Cardiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
  62. 62. Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  63. 63. Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  64. 64. Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  65. 65. Trauma Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  66. 66. Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  67. 67. Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
  68. 68. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69. Environmental Health Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  70. 70. Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  71. 71. Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  72. 72. Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  73. 73. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  74. 74. School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  75. 75. Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  76. 76. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  77. 77. Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  78. 78. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  79. 79. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  80. 80. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  81. 81. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  82. 82. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  83. 83. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  84. 84. Department of Biochemistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  85. 85. Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  86. 86. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  87. 87. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
  88. 88. Clinical Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  89. 89. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  90. 90. Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  91. 91. Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  92. 92. Department of Community Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  93. 93. Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  94. 94. Pharmacology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  95. 95. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  96. 96. Research Consultation Center (RCC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  97. 97. Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  98. 98. Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  99. 99. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  100. 100. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  101. 101. Department of Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  102. 102. Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  103. 103. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  104. 104. Department of Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  105. 105. School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  106. 106. Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  107. 107. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  108. 108. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  109. 109. Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  110. 110. Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  111. 111. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  112. 112. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  113. 113. Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  114. 114. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  115. 115. Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  116. 116. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  117. 117. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  118. 118. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  119. 119. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States

Source: Frontiers in Public Health Published:2023


Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic risk factors (MRFs) predispose populations to a variety of chronic diseases with a huge burden globally. With the increasing burden of these risk factors in Iran, in this study, we aimed to report the estimated burden attributed to MRFs at national and subnational scales in Iran, from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Based on the comparative risk assessment method of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, data of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to four top MRFs in Iran including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for the 1990–2019 period, were extracted. The socio-demographic index (SDI) was used to report the data based on the corresponding socio-economic stratifications. The results were reported in national and subnational 31 provinces of Iran to discover disparities regarding the attributable burden to MRFs. Furthermore, we reported the causes of diseases to which the attributable burden to MRFs was related. Results: Overall, the age-standardized high LDL, high SBP, high BMI, and high FPG-attributed death rate changed by −45.1, −35.6, +2.8, and +19.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. High SBP was the leading risk factor regarding attributed age-standardized death rates reaching 157.8 (95% uncertainty interval: 135.3–179.1) and DALY rates reaching 2973.4 (2652.2–3280.2) per 100,000 person-years, in 2019. All rates increased with aging, and men had higher rates except for the +70 years age group. At the subnational level, provinces in the middle SDI quintile had the highest death and DALY rates regarding all four MRFs. Total deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs number by the causes of diseases linked to MRFs increased over the study period. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases were the main causes of burden of disease attributable to MRFs. Conclusion: Herein, we found divergent patterns regarding the burden of MRFs as well as disparities in different regions, sex, and age groups for each risk factor and related causes. This could provide policymakers with a clearer vision toward more appropriate decision-making and resource allocation to prevent the burden of MRFs in Iran. Copyright © 2023 Moradi, Parsaei, Saeedi Moghaddam, Aryannejad, Azadnajafabad, Rezaei, Mashinchi, Esfahani, Shobeiri, Rezaei, GBD 2019 Iran MRF Collaborators, Naghavi, Larijani and Farzadfar.
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