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National and Sub-National Estimation of Benzene Emission Trend Into Atmosphere in Iran From 1990 to 2013 Publisher



Shamsipour M1 ; Aghaei M2 ; Kalteh S2 ; Hassanvand MS3 ; Gohari K4 ; Yunesian F5 ; Amini H6, 7
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Environmental Engineer, Data Management Unit in Trial Contract Research Organization, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
  7. 7. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Source: Journal of Air Pollution and Health Published:2019


Abstract

Introduction: Exposure to benzene has been associated with a range of acute and long-term adverse health effects. We aimed to estimate national and provincial level of benzene emissions from 1990 to 2013 in Iran. Materials and methods: Benzene emission was estimated through two main sources: unburned benzene content of fuel and evaporated benzene. Unburned benzene content of fuel estimated by gasoline consumption rate, kilometers traveled by non-diesel-based cars, and benzene emission factor. Evaporated benzene estimated by evaporated gasoline and volumetric percentile of benzene. Results: The estimated provincial annual mean benzene estimation range was between 5.9 (ton) and 1590 (ton) from 1990 to 2013. Our results showed that maximum benzene emission over the past 24 years occurred in Tehran, (Mean± SD) (1147.2±308.5) (ton)), Isfahan (423.4±132) (ton)), Khorasan Razavi (410.4±122.2) (ton)) provinces, respectively. There was an upward trend in the benzene emission into atmosphere at national and subnational level from 1990 to 2007. Also a significant decrease trend is observed from 2008 to 2013. Conclusion: The findings of this study will provide an insight into the extent of emitted benzene in the atmosphere at different regions of Iran for policy makers and scientists and may be a groundwork for field studies on benzene concentration estimation. © 2019, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
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