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Level of Air Btex in Urban, Rural and Industrial Regions of Bandar Abbas, Iran; Indoor-Outdoor Relationships and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Publisher Pubmed



Ghaffari HR1, 2 ; Kamari Z2 ; Hassanvand MS3, 4 ; Fazlzadeh M5 ; Heidari M6
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  3. 3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Source: Environmental Research Published:2021


Abstract

This study focused on the measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) concentrations in the air of various regions and indoor-outdoor environments in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Air samples were taken actively and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) during two one-month periods i.e., Feb 2020 (period I) and Sep/Oct 2020 (period II). The mean air temperature and the levels of all BTEX compounds were higher in period II. The highest total BTEX (t-BTEX) levels (median [min-max]) were found in the urban region (18.00 [5.21–67.24] μg m−3), followed by industrial region (7.00 [2.05–14.76] μg m−3) and rural region (2.81 [ND-7.38] μg m−3). The significant positive correlations between all BTEX compounds and T/B ratio >1 indicated the vehicular traffic as the main source of emission. At 95th percentile probability, the non-cancer risk of t-BTEX in urban region was only less than one order of magnitude below the threshold level of unity (1.91E-01) and the cancer risk of benzene exceeded the recommended level of 1.0E-06 by U.S. EPA in urban (7.69E-06) and industrial (2.97E-06) regions. It was found that the indoor/outdoor ratio of BTEX concentration in beauty salon and hospital was greater than 1. Overall, the current levels of BTEX in the ambient air of study area, especially near urban roadside and in some indoor environments, should not be overlooked and appropriate mitigation actions should be undertaken. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
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