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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy Publisher Pubmed



Shiravand Y1 ; Khodadadi F2 ; Kashani SMA3 ; Hosseinifard SR4 ; Hosseini S5 ; Sadeghirad H6 ; Ladwa R7 ; Obyrne K7 ; Kulasinghe A6
Authors
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Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80138, Italy
  2. 2. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PES College of Pharmacy, PES University, Bengaluru, 560085, India
  3. 3. Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134814336, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
  5. 5. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, 6617713446, Iran
  6. 6. The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia
  7. 7. Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia

Source: Current Oncology Published:2022


Abstract

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers and non-small lung cancer. The US FDA has successfully approved three different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Cemiplimab), PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all patients respond favourably to these drugs, highlighting the role of biomarkers such as Tumour mutation burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, and ECM in predicting responses to ICIs-based immunotherapy. The current study aims to review the literature and updates on ICIs in cancer therapy. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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