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Risk Factors of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Covid-19 Patients: A Case-Control Study Publisher



Salehi M1 ; Khajavirad N2 ; Darazam IA3, 4 ; Hashemi SJ5 ; Ansari S6 ; Ghiasvand F1 ; Jamalimoghadamsiahkali S7 ; Izadi A5 ; Kiyaei RS3 ; Seifi A1 ; Abolghasemi S3 ; Hatami F3, 4 ; Boekhout T8, 9 ; Manshadi SAD1 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Salehi M1
  2. Khajavirad N2
  3. Darazam IA3, 4
  4. Hashemi SJ5
  5. Ansari S6
  6. Ghiasvand F1
  7. Jamalimoghadamsiahkali S7
  8. Izadi A5
  9. Kiyaei RS3
  10. Seifi A1
  11. Abolghasemi S3
  12. Hatami F3, 4
  13. Boekhout T8, 9
  14. Manshadi SAD1
  15. Khodavaisy S5
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  2. 2. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  3. 3. Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  4. 4. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  5. 5. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7. Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  8. 8. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
  9. 9. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Source: Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases Published:2021


Abstract

Background: With the emergence and spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, health care systems have faced the biggest challenge in recent decades. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify risk factors associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in COVID-19 patients. Methods: The total number of confirmed COVID-19 patients was 218 (105 cases with OPC and 113 controls without OPC). The questionnaire used in this study consisted of demographic data, treatment strategy, clinical and laboratory data, and underlying diseases collected from the onset of clinical OPC until the end of hospitalization. Results: Pseudomembranous candidiasis (77/105, 73.3%) was the most prevalent form of OPC in case patients. The majority of the cases (58.1%) and controls (58.4%) were males. Increasing age (P = 0.03) and hospitalization length (P = 0.016) were significantly associated with OPC in COVID-19 patients. Diabetes (P = 0.003), solid tumor (P = 0.019), and hypertension (P = 0.000) were the most common underlying conditions. The use of dentures (P = 0.003) and poor oral hygiene (P = 0.000) were related to OPC in the case group. Therapy with chloroquine (P = 0.012), IVIG (P = 0.001), diuretics (P = 0.000), and corticosteroid pulse therapy (P = 0.000) were significantly associated with developing OPC in case patients. Conclusions: Old age, hospitalization length, poor oral hygiene, corticosteroids use, diabetes, solid tumor, and hypertension may predispose COVID-19 patients to develop OPC. © 2021, Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.
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