Influenza Vaccine: Where Are We and Where Do We Go? Publisher Pubmed



Keshavarz M¹ ; Mirzaei H² ; Salemi M³ ; Momeni F⁴ ; Mousavi MJ^{5, 6} ; Sadeghalvad M⁶ ; Arjeini Y⁷ ; Solaymanimohammadi F⁷ ; Sadri Nahand J¹ ; Namdari H⁶ ; Mokhtariazad T⁷ ; Rezaei F⁷ Show Affiliations
Source: Reviews in Medical Virology Published:2019

Abstract

The alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely on inactivated viral particles, M2e-based vaccine, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and virus like particle (VLP). While inactivated vaccines can only induce systemic humoral responses, LAIV and VLP vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet, these vaccines have limited protection against newly emerging viral strains. These strains, however, can be targeted by universal vaccines consisting of conserved viral proteins such as M2e and capable of inducing cross-reactive immune response. The lack of viral genome in VLP and M2e-based vaccines addresses safety concern associated with existing attenuated vaccines. With the emergence of new recombinant viral strains each year, additional effort towards developing improved universal vaccine is warranted. Besides various types of vaccines, microRNA and exosome-based vaccines have been emerged as new types of influenza vaccines which are associated with new and effective properties. Hence, development of a new generation of vaccines could contribute to better treatment of influenza. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.