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Retinoblastoma Outcomes in Europe: A Prospective Analysis of 483 Patients From 40 Countries Publisher Pubmed



Bowman R ; Arazi M ; Cassoux N ; Foster A ; Gomel N ; Kapelushnik N ; Macleod D ; Fabian ID ; Zondervan M ; Ziko OAO ; Zia N ; Zhilyaeva K ; Zheng X ; Zhao J Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Bowman R
  2. Arazi M
  3. Cassoux N
  4. Foster A
  5. Gomel N
  6. Kapelushnik N
  7. Macleod D
  8. Fabian ID
  9. Zondervan M
  10. Ziko OAO
  11. Zia N
  12. Zhilyaeva K
  13. Zheng X
  14. Zhao J
  15. Zhang Y
  16. Zhang C
  17. Zein E
  18. Zapata Lopez AM
  19. Yuliawati P
  20. Yousef YA
  21. Ye H
  22. Yarovoy AA
  23. Yarovaya VA
  24. Yaqub MA
  25. Yanga JM
  26. Yang H
  27. Yam JC
  28. Xiao Y
  29. Xiang D
  30. Wongwai P
  31. Dod CW
  32. Wiwatwongwana D
  33. Wiwatwongwana A
  34. Wime ADC
  35. Wilson MW
  36. Weiss A
  37. Wang YZ
  38. Wali Nigeria AH
  39. Wade PD
  40. Waddell K
  41. Wackernagel W
  42. Wachtel AE
  43. Vora T
  44. Vishnevskiadai V
  45. Villacis Chafla EG
  46. Viksnins M
  47. Victor AA
  48. Verma N
  49. Velevakrasteva NV
  50. Vaughan LO
  51. Vasquez L
  52. Varadisai A
  53. Van Hoefen Wijsard M
  54. Valeina S
  55. Usmanov RH
  56. Ushakova TL
  57. Urbak SF
  58. Uner OE
  59. Unal E
  60. Umar AB
  61. Tyautyau H
  62. Tuncer S
  63. Trichaiyaporn S
  64. Traore F
  65. Trang DL
  66. Toledano H
  67. Theophile T
  68. Teh KH
  69. Teixeira LF
  70. Tehuteru ES
  71. Tateshi B
  72. Tashvighi M
  73. Tarrillo Leiva FF
  74. Tandili A
  75. Tan D
  76. Tamamyan G
  77. Sylla F
  78. Svojgr K
  79. Suzuki S
  80. Surukrattanaskul S
  81. Supriyadi E
  82. Superstein R
  83. Sundy M
  84. Sun X
  85. Sultana S
  86. Suarez MEC
  87. Strahlendorf C
  88. Stones DK
  89. Kranjc BS
  90. Stathopoulos C
  91. Stahl ED
  92. Staffieri SE
  93. Stacey AW
  94. Ssali G
  95. Sorochynska T
  96. Soebagjo HD
  97. Skalet AH
  98. Sitorus RS
  99. Singha P
  100. Singh U
  101. Singh N
  102. Singh AD
  103. Silva S
  104. Cheikh SS
  105. Siddiqui SN
  106. Shields CL
  107. Shetye NG
  108. Sherief ST
  109. Sharma MK
  110. Shakoor SA
  111. Shah AS
  112. Seth R
  113. Seregard S
  114. Sedaghat A
  115. Schoeman J
  116. Schefler AC
  117. Scanlan TA
  118. Sayalith P
  119. Sanchez F GL
  120. Pacheco SSR
  121. Salas B
  122. Saiju R
  123. Said AMA
  124. Sagoo MS
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  222. Medinasanson A
  223. Mckenzie JD
  224. Paed M
  225. Mbumba FB
  226. Mayet I
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  229. Materin M
  230. Matende IO
  231. Mason Jo III
  232. Mason L
  233. Begue NM
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  236. Makan M
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  239. Mahajan A
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  241. Lysytsia L
  242. Lutfi D
  243. Lunafineman S
  244. Lumbroso L
  245. Lukamba RM
  246. Lopez JP
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  248. Limbu B
  249. Li C
  250. Leverant AA
  251. Lecuona K
  252. Le BHA
  253. Laurenti KD
  254. Latinovic S
  255. Larson SA
  256. Lam GC
  257. Lam CPS
  258. Lachmann ES
  259. Kyara A
  260. Kuntorini MW
  261. Kulvichit K
  262. Kruger M
  263. Krivaitiene D
  264. Palet JEKK
  265. Klett A
  266. Kivela TT
  267. Kiratli H
  268. Kim JH
  269. Kim JW
  270. Khotenashvili Z
  271. Khodabande A
  272. Khetan V
  273. Kheir WJ
  274. Phara K
  275. Khaqan HA
  276. Khan ZJ
  277. Kerenfroim N
  278. Kepak T
  279. Kebudi R
  280. Kardava T
  281. Kao LY
  282. Kantar M
  283. Kalinaki A
  284. Kaliki S
  285. Kabore RL
  286. Amani Kabesha TB
  287. Jones MM
  288. Johnson WJ
  289. Johnson KP
  290. Jo DH
  291. Ji X
  292. Jenkinson H
  293. Jeeva I
  294. Jairaj V
  295. Ilic VR
  296. Ida R
  297. Hussein Aljanabi AN
  298. Husakova K
  299. Hummlen M
  300. Hubbard GB
  301. Huang LC
  302. Hordofa DF
  303. Hessissen L
  304. Hernandez LMC
  305. Hernandez J
  306. Hederova S
  307. Hassan S
  308. Hassan S
  309. Hasanreisoglu M
  310. Hartnett ME
  311. Harbour JW
  312. Hansen ED
  313. Hamzah N
  314. Hamid SA
  315. Hamel P
  316. Hadjistilianou T
  317. Gupta S
  318. Gupta H
  319. Gunduz AK
  320. Gunasekera DS
  321. Guedenon KM
  322. Grigorovski NDAK
  323. Gregersen PA
  324. Green L
  325. Graells J
  326. Garcia Pacheco HN
  327. Gonzalezrodriguez L
  328. Perez GG
  329. Gonzalez E
  330. Gole GA
  331. Goldberglavid M
  332. Gold AS
  333. Goenz MA
  334. Gizachew Z
  335. Giron AV
  336. Gilbert C
  337. Ghassemi F
  338. Geel JA
  339. Gassant PY
  340. Aldana DG
  341. Garcia JL
  342. Gandiwa M
  343. Gallie BL
  344. Fuentesalabi SL
  345. Fu LD
  346. Frenkel S
  347. Foster A
  348. Fernandezteijeiro A
  349. Fernandez DDPG
  350. Fasina O
  351. Faranoush M
  352. Fandino AC
  353. Fadoo Z
  354. Evina TGA
  355. Essuman VA
  356. Elzembely MM
  357. Ali Elhassan MM
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  359. Elgalaly D
  360. Elder JE
  361. Elbahi AM
  362. Kettani AEL
  363. Sutyawan IWE
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  448. Alsawidi KM
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  450. Almafrachi AARM
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  475. Adio A
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  477. Sahadatou AB
  478. Abdulqader RA
  479. Abdullahi SU
  480. Abdallah E
  481. Fabian ID

Source: Eye (Basingstoke) Published:2026


Abstract

Purpose: To describe presentation, treatment and outcomes for a cohort of children presenting with retinoblastoma (Rb) throughout Europe during 2017. Methods: A prospective analysis of 483 patients diagnosed in Europe between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Results: Unilateral cases 339/483 (70%) predominated, presenting older (mean age 26 months) than the 144 (30%) bilateral cases (mean age 12 months p < 0.0005). Only 4/477 (0.8%) children had extra-ocular Rb at presentation (mean age 53 months vs 21 months for those without p = 0.002). Children from middle income countries did not present older, but were more likely (p < 0.001) to present with late-stage disease (3-4) than high-income children (74/151 (49%) vs 108/332 (33%), RR 1.25 95%CI 1.09–1.44). For unilaterals, primary treatment was intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) in 29% and intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in 20%. For bilaterals, primary treatment was IVC in 113/144 (78%) and IAC in 14/144 (10%). Overall, 58% of children underwent enucleation, 36% of which as primary treatment. Risk of enucleation was determined by stage and laterality, but not economic status. Twelve (2.5%) children died from Rb. More children (OR = 146-7 13.9–1549.4, p < 0.0005) presenting with extra-ocular tumour died (3 of 4 (75%)) than with intra-ocular tumour (9/449 (2%)) More children (OR = 29.8 3.8–232.0, p < 0.0005), from middle income countries died from Rb (11/132 (8%)) than from high income countries (1/327 (0.3%)). Conclusion: Even within a wealthy continent such as Europe, economic factors may influence survival, but not global salvage rates. The majority of children still lose an eye. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 2025.