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Global Mortality Associated With 33 Bacterial Pathogens in 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 Publisher Pubmed



Ikuta KS1, 2 ; Swetschinski LR2 ; Aguilar GR8 ; Sharara F11 ; Mestrovic T2, 12 ; Gray AP2 ; Weaver ND2 ; Wool EE2 ; Han C2 ; Hayoon AG2 ; Aali A13 ; Abate SM18 ; Abbasikangevari M19, 31 ; Abbasikangevari Z19, 31 Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Ikuta KS1, 2
  2. Swetschinski LR2
  3. Aguilar GR8
  4. Sharara F11
  5. Mestrovic T2, 12
  6. Gray AP2
  7. Weaver ND2
  8. Wool EE2
  9. Han C2
  10. Hayoon AG2
  11. Aali A13
  12. Abate SM18
  13. Abbasikangevari M19, 31
  14. Abbasikangevari Z19, 31
  15. Abdelsalam S39
  16. Abebe G40
  17. Abedi A44, 45
  18. Abhari AP48
  19. Abidi H51
  20. Aboagye RG53
  21. Absalan A54, 55
  22. Ali HA56, 57
  23. Acuna JM58, 59
  24. Adane TD61
  25. Addo IY64, 65
  26. Adegboye OA66
  27. Adnan M67
  28. Adnani QES68
  29. Afzal MS69
  30. Afzal S70, 71
  31. Aghdam ZB72
  32. Ahinkorah BO83
  33. Ahmad A84
  34. Ahmad AR26, 85
  35. Ahmad R86
  36. Ahmad S87
  37. Ahmad S87
  38. Ahmadi S32
  39. Ahmed A92, 93
  40. Ahmed H94, 95
  41. Ahmed JQ91, 94
  42. Rashid TA97
  43. Ajami M98, 99
  44. Aji B100
  45. Akbarzadehkhiavi M73, 178
  46. Akunna CJ101, 102
  47. Hamad HA103, 104
  48. Alahdab F105
  49. Alaly Z106, 108
  50. Aldeyab MA109, 202
  51. Aleman AV110
  52. Alhalaiqa FAN111, 112
  53. Alhassan RK113
  54. Ali BA114
  55. Ali L115
  56. Ali SS116
  57. Alimohamadi Y20, 118
  58. Alipour V119, 120
  59. Alizadeh A29
  60. Aljunid SM129, 130
  61. Allel K131, 133
  62. Almustanyir S135, 136
  63. Ameyaw EK137
  64. Amit AML138
  65. Anandavelane N140
  66. Ancuceanu R145
  67. Andrei CL146
  68. Andrei T151, 240
  69. Anggraini D152, 153
  70. Ansar A154, 156
  71. Anyasodor AE157, 285
  72. Arabloo J119
  73. Aravkin AY2, 3
  74. Areda D158, 159
  75. Aripov T160, 161
  76. Artamonov AA162, 342
  77. Arulappan J163
  78. Aruleba RT164
  79. Asaduzzaman M165
  80. Ashraf T166
  81. Athari SS168
  82. Atlaw D169
  83. Attia S171
  84. Ausloos M151, 172
  85. Awoke T173, 355
  86. Quintanilla BPA155, 175
  87. Ayana TM41
  88. Azadnajafabad S19
  89. Jafari AA176
  90. Darshan B177
  91. Badar M181
  92. Badiye AD182
  93. Baghcheghi N183
  94. Bagherieh S48
  95. Baig AA184
  96. Banerjee I185
  97. Barac A186, 187
  98. Bardhan M189, 190
  99. Baroneadesi F193, 376, 377
  100. Barqawi HJ194, 379, 381
  101. Barrow A198, 199
  102. Baskaran P141, 408
  103. Basu S200, 409
  104. Batiha AMM111
  105. Bedi N201, 203
  106. Belete MA204
  107. Belgaumi UI206
  108. Bender RG2
  109. Bhandari B208
  110. Bhandari D209, 210
  111. Bhardwaj P141, 142
  112. Bhaskar S213, 214
  113. Bhattacharyya K215, 216
  114. Bhattarai S132, 217
  115. Bitaraf S218, 410
  116. Buonsenso D219, 220
  117. Butt ZA221, 222
  118. Dos Santos FLC223, 411
  119. Cai J224
  120. Calina D225
  121. Camargos P225, 230
  122. Camera LA226, 229
  123. Cardenas R227, 228
  124. Cevik M231, 233
  125. Chadwick J234, 417
  126. Charan J143
  127. Chaurasia A236
  128. Ching PR107
  129. Choudhari SG237
  130. Chowdhury EK238, 239
  131. Chowdhury FR243
  132. Chu DT244
  133. Chukwu IS245
  134. Dadras O246, 247
  135. Dagnaw FT250
  136. Dai X251
  137. Das S252, 443
  138. Dastiridou A253, 254
  139. Debela SA256
  140. Demisse FW42
  141. Demissie S43
  142. Dereje D257
  143. Derese M258
  144. Desai HD259
  145. Dessalegn FN42, 260
  146. Dessalegni SAA42
  147. Desye B261, 510
  148. Dhaduk K262
  149. Dhimal M263
  150. Dhingra S266
  151. Diao N267
  152. Diaz D269, 270
  153. Djalalinia S271
  154. Dodangeh M121, 577
  155. Dongarwar D272
  156. Dora BT42
  157. Dorostkar F122
  158. Dsouza HL177, 273
  159. Dubljanin E188
  160. Dunachie SJ9, 275
  161. Durojaiye OC276, 595
  162. Edinur HA277
  163. Ejigu HB278
  164. Ekholuenetale M282, 283
  165. Ekundayo TC286
  166. Elabid H287
  167. Elhadi M288
  168. Elmonem MA289
  169. Emami A290
  170. Bain LE293
  171. Enyew DB279
  172. Erkhembayar R294
  173. Eshrati B123
  174. Etaee F295
  175. Fagbamigbe AF232, 282
  176. Falahi S298
  177. Fallahzadeh A21, 299
  178. Faraon EJA303
  179. Fatehizadeh A49
  180. Fekadu G304, 306
  181. Fernandes JC309
  182. Ferrari A310
  183. Fetensa G307
  184. Filip I311, 312
  185. Fischer F313
  186. Foroutan M314, 315
  187. Gaal PA316, 318
  188. Gadanya MA319, 320
  189. Gaidhane AM237
  190. Ganesan B321, 322
  191. Gebrehiwot M205
  192. Ghanbari R323
  193. Nour MG14
  194. Ghashghaee A324
  195. Gholamrezanezhad A46
  196. Gholizadeh A329
  197. Golechha M330
  198. Goleij P331
  199. Golinelli D332
  200. Goodridge A333
  201. Gunawardane DA334
  202. Guo Y335
  203. Gupta RD336, 337
  204. Gupta S338
  205. Gupta VB339
  206. Gupta VK340
  207. Guta A341
  208. Habibzadeh P291
  209. Avval AH15
  210. Halwani R194, 195
  211. Hanif A167
  212. Hannan MA343, 344
  213. Harapan H345
  214. Hassan S248, 249
  215. Hassankhani H74, 346
  216. Hayat K347, 348
  217. Heibati B349
  218. Heidari G30, 350, 351
  219. Heidari M352
  220. Heidarisoureshjani R30
  221. Herteliu C151, 354
  222. Heyi DZ353
  223. Hezam K356, 357
  224. Hoogar P179
  225. Horita N358, 359
  226. Hossain MM360, 361
  227. Hosseinzadeh M362
  228. Hostiuc M147
  229. Hostiuc S148, 363
  230. Hoveidamanesh S364
  231. Huang J305
  232. Hussain S365, 366
  233. Hussein NR369
  234. Ibitoye SE283
  235. Ilesanmi OS284, 370
  236. Ilic IM187
  237. Ilic MD371
  238. Imam MT372
  239. Immurana M113
  240. Inbaraj LR373
  241. Iradukunda A374, 375
  242. Ismail NE181, 386
  243. Iwu CCD387
  244. Iwu CJ388
  245. Linda MJ388
  246. Jakovljevic M382, 383
  247. Jamshidi E33, 384
  248. Javaheri T385
  249. Javanmardi F290
  250. Javidnia J387
  251. Jayapal SK390
  252. Jayarajah U391, 392
  253. Jebai R60
  254. Jha RP393, 394
  255. Joo T316, 395
  256. Joseph N274
  257. Joukar F396, 397
  258. Jozwiak JJ399
  259. Kacimi SEO400
  260. Kadashetti V206
  261. Kalankesh LR401
  262. Kalhor R325, 326
  263. Kamal VK191, 235
  264. Kandel H403, 404
  265. Kapoor N182
  266. Karkhah S398
  267. Kassa BG251
  268. Kassebaum NJ2, 4, 5
  269. Katoto PDMC380, 405
  270. Keykhaei M19, 22
  271. Khajuria H406
  272. Khan A2
  273. Khan IA34
  274. Khan M19
  275. Khan MN22
  276. Khan MAB404
  277. Khatatbeh MM407
  278. Khater MM413
  279. Kashani HRK43, 412
  280. Khubchandani J414
  281. Kim H415
  282. Kim MS416
  283. Kimokoti RW418
  284. Kissoon N419
  285. Kochhar S6, 420
  286. Kompani F23
  287. Kosen S421
  288. Koul PA422
  289. Laxminarayana SLK423
  290. Lopez FK424, 426
  291. Krishan K427
  292. Krishnamoorthy V5, 428
  293. Kulkarni V429
  294. Kumar N430
  295. Kurmi OP431, 432
  296. Kuttikkattu A434
  297. Kyu HH435
  298. Lal DK435
  299. Lam J436
  300. Landires I437, 439
  301. Lasrado S440
  302. Lee SW441
  303. Lenzi J332
  304. Lewycka S9, 441
  305. Li S442
  306. Lim SS2, 4
  307. Liu W2, 4
  308. Lodha R442
  309. Loftus MJ241, 243
  310. Lohiya A444
  311. Lorenzovici L445, 446
  312. Lotfi M75, 76
  313. Mahmoodpoor A77
  314. Mahmoud MA327, 447
  315. Mahmoudi R327
  316. Majeed A448
  317. Majidpoor J402
  318. Makki A196
  319. Mamo GA280
  320. Manla Y449
  321. Martorell M450, 451
  322. Matei CN149, 452
  323. Mcmanigal B9
  324. Nasab EM23
  325. Mehrotra R192
  326. Melese A173
  327. Mendozacano O453
  328. Menezes RG89
  329. Mentis AFA454
  330. Micha G455
  331. Michalek IM456, 457
  332. Des ACMGN226, 227
  333. Kostova NM458, 459
  334. Mir SA460
  335. Mirghafourvand M78
  336. Mirmoeeni S176
  337. Mirrakhimov EM461, 462
  338. Mirzaaghazadehattari M79, 463
  339. Misganaw AS464, 465, 466
  340. Misganaw A4
  341. Misra S144
  342. Mohammadi E24, 302
  343. Mohammadi M467
  344. Mohammadianhafshejani A352
  345. Mohammed S468, 469
  346. Mohan S203, 470
  347. Mohseni M50, 471
  348. Mokdad AH2, 4
  349. Momtazmanesh S19, 21
  350. Monasta L472
  351. Moore CE473
  352. Moradi M128, 474, 475
  353. Sarabi MM474, 475
  354. Morrison SD7
  355. Motaghinejad M35
  356. Isfahani HM124
  357. Khaneghah AM476
  358. Mousaviaghdas SA80
  359. Mubarik S477
  360. Mulita F255, 479
  361. Mulu GBB480
  362. Munro SB481
  363. Muthupandian S482, 483
  364. Nair TS484
  365. Naqvi AA485
  366. Narang H486, 487
  367. Natto ZS268, 488
  368. Naveed M489
  369. Nayak BP406
  370. Naz S116
  371. Negoi I150, 490
  372. Nejadghaderi SA36, 300
  373. Kandel SN403, 404, 491
  374. Ngwa CH492
  375. Niazi RK493
  376. Des ATN494
  377. Noroozi N25
  378. Nouraei H292
  379. Nowroozi A21
  380. Nunezsamudio V438, 439
  381. Nutor JJ494
  382. Nzoputam CI496
  383. Nzoputam OJ497, 498
  384. Oancea B499
  385. Obaidur RM500, 501
  386. Ojha VA502, 503
  387. Okekunle AP284, 504
  388. Okonji OC505
  389. Olagunju AT433, 506
  390. Olusanya BO507
  391. Bali AO57
  392. Omer E508
  393. Otstavnov N509
  394. Oumer B42
  395. Padubidri JR177
  396. Pakshir K292
  397. Palicz T316, 395
  398. Pana A511, 512
  399. Pardhan S513
  400. Paredes JL425
  401. Parekh U514
  402. Park EC515, 516
  403. Park S517
  404. Pathak A519, 520
  405. Paudel R211
  406. Paudel U212, 264
  407. Pawar S296
  408. Toroudi HP125, 126
  409. Peng M521, 522
  410. Pensato U523
  411. Pepito VCF139
  412. Pereira M524
  413. Peres MFP525, 526
  414. Perico N527
  415. Petcu IR151
  416. Piracha ZZ528
  417. Podder I529
  418. Pokhrel N265
  419. Poluru R530
  420. Postma MJ62, 63
  421. Pourtaheri N531
  422. Prashant A503
  423. Qattea I532
  424. Rabiee M534
  425. Rabiee N341, 535
  426. Radfar A536
  427. Raeghi S537
  428. Rafiei S328
  429. Raghav PR141
  430. Rahbarnia L538
  431. Rahimimovaghar V25
  432. Rahman M154, 539, 540
  433. Rahman MA540
  434. Rahmani AM541
  435. Rahmanian V542
  436. Ram P543
  437. Ranjha MMAN544
  438. Rao SJ545
  439. Rashidi MM19, 31
  440. Rasul A546
  441. Ratan ZA547, 548
  442. Rawaf S448, 549
  443. Rawassizadeh R386
  444. Razeghinia MS550, 552
  445. Redwan EMM553, 554
  446. Regasa MT308
  447. Remuzzi G527
  448. Reta MA378, 555
  449. Rezaei N19
  450. Rezapour A119
  451. Riad A367, 368
  452. Ripon RK556
  453. Rudd KE557
  454. Saddik B197
  455. Sadeghian S218
  456. Saeed U528, 558
  457. Safaei M559
  458. Safary A81
  459. Safi SZ561, 562
  460. Sahebazzamani M551, 563
  461. Sahebkar A16, 17
  462. Sahoo H564
  463. Salahi S127
  464. Salahi S127
  465. Salari H567
  466. Salehi S47
  467. Kafil HS82
  468. Samy AM568
  469. Sanadgol N569
  470. Sankararaman S533, 570
  471. Sanmarchi F332
  472. Sathian B103, 571
  473. Sawhney M572
  474. Saya GK573
  475. Senthilkumaran S574
  476. Seylani A575
  477. Shah PA576
  478. Shaikh MA578
  479. Shaker E24, 300
  480. Shakhmardanov MZ579
  481. Sharew MM580
  482. Sharifirazavi A388
  483. Sharma P581
  484. Sheikhi RA353
  485. Sheikhy A27, 299
  486. Shetty PH273
  487. Shigematsu M500
  488. Shin JI518
  489. Shirzadaski H582
  490. Shivakumar KM207
  491. Shobeiri P24, 301
  492. Shorofi SA389, 583
  493. Shrestha S584
  494. Sibhat MM585
  495. Sidemo NB43
  496. Sikder MK586
  497. Silva LMLR587, 588
  498. Singh JA143
  499. Singh P589
  500. Singh S590, 591
  501. Siraj MS592
  502. Siwal SS593
  503. Skryabin VY579, 594
  504. Skryabina AA579
  505. Socea B150, 597
  506. Solomon DD170, 598
  507. Song Y297
  508. Sreeramareddy CT599
  509. Suleman M117, 600
  510. Abdulkader RS601
  511. Sultana S602
  512. Szocska M317
  513. Tabatabaeizadeh SA603
  514. Tabish M85
  515. Taheri M37, 128
  516. Taki E28
  517. Tan KK604
  518. Tandukar S605
  519. Tat NY606
  520. Tat VY607, 608
  521. Tefera BN281
  522. Tefera YM609
  523. Temesgen G42
  524. Temsah MH610
  525. Tharwat S611
  526. Thiyagarajan A612
  527. Tleyjeh II613, 614
  528. Troeger CE32
  529. Umapathi KK615
  530. Upadhyay E430
  531. Tahbaz SV616, 617
  532. Valdez PR229, 618
  533. Van Den Eynde J619
  534. Van Doorn HR8, 620
  535. Vaziri S560
  536. Verras GI479, 621
  537. Viswanathan H141
  538. Vo B622
  539. Waris A623
  540. Wassie GT174
  541. Wickramasinghe ND624
  542. Yaghoubi S625
  543. Yahya GATY95
  544. Jabbari SHY616
  545. Yigit A626
  546. Yigit V626
  547. Yon DK627
  548. Yonemoto N628, 629
  549. Zahir M38
  550. Zaman BA96
  551. Zaman SB242, 592
  552. Zangiabadian M36
  553. Zare I630
  554. Zastrozhin MS495, 596
  555. Zhang ZJ478
  556. Zheng P2, 4
  557. Zhong C305
  558. Zoladl M52
  559. Zumla A134, 631
  560. Hay SI2, 4
  561. Dolecek C10, 632
  562. Sartorius B4, 8, 9
  563. Murray CJL2, 4
  564. Naghavi M2, 4
Show Affiliations
Authors Affiliations
  1. 1. Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  2. 2. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  3. 3. Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  4. 4. Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  5. 5. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  6. 6. Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  7. 7. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
  8. 8. Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  9. 9. Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  10. 10. Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  11. 11. Independent Consultant, Seattle, WA, United States
  12. 12. University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
  13. 13. Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  14. 14. E-Learning Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  15. 15. School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  16. 16. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  17. 17. Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  18. 18. Department of Anesthesiology, Dilla University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  19. 19. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  20. 20. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  21. 21. School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  22. 22. Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  23. 23. Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  24. 24. Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  25. 25. Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  26. 26. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  27. 27. Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  28. 28. Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  29. 29. Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  30. 30. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  31. 31. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  32. 32. School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  33. 33. Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  34. 34. Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  35. 35. Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  36. 36. School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  37. 37. Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  38. 38. Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  39. 39. Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  40. 40. Department of Medical Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  41. 41. School of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  42. 42. Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  43. 43. Department of Anatomy, School of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  44. 44. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  45. 45. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  46. 46. Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  47. 47. Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
  48. 48. School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  49. 49. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  50. 50. Health Services Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  51. 51. Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  52. 52. Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  53. 53. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
  54. 54. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  55. 55. Department of Research and Development, Satras Biotechnology Company, Tehran, Iran
  56. 56. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  57. 57. Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  58. 58. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, United Arab Emirates, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  59. 59. FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  60. 60. Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
  61. 61. Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  62. 62. University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  63. 63. School of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  64. 64. Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  65. 65. Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  66. 66. Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Towsville, QLD, Australia
  67. 67. Department of Neonatology, Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, United States
  68. 68. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
  69. 69. Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  70. 70. Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  71. 71. Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
  72. 72. Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  73. 73. Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  74. 74. School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  75. 75. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  76. 76. Medical Education Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  77. 77. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  78. 78. Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  79. 79. Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  80. 80. Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  81. 81. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  82. 82. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  83. 83. School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  84. 84. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  85. 85. Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  86. 86. College of Nursing, International Relations and Diplomacy, Ranya, Iraq
  87. 87. Department of Administration, University of Raparin, Ranya, Iraq
  88. 88. Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  89. 89. Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  90. 90. Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  91. 91. Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
  92. 92. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
  93. 93. Department of Pharmacy, Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  94. 94. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  95. 95. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  96. 96. Department of Pharmacology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  97. 97. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  98. 98. Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Tehran, Iran
  99. 99. National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  100. 100. Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
  101. 101. Department of Public Health, Intercountry Centre for Oral Health (ICOH) for Africa, Jos, Nigeria
  102. 102. Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Garki, Nigeria
  103. 103. Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  104. 104. Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  105. 105. Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Rochester, MN, United States
  106. 106. John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  107. 107. Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
  108. 108. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Clinical Epidemiology Center, St Louis, MO, United States
  109. 109. Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
  110. 110. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
  111. 111. Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  112. 112. Psychological Sciences Association, Amman, Jordan
  113. 113. Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  114. 114. Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
  115. 115. School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
  116. 116. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  117. 117. Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
  118. 118. Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  119. 119. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  120. 120. Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  121. 121. School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  122. 122. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  123. 123. Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  124. 124. Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  125. 125. Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  126. 126. Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  127. 127. Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  128. 128. Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  129. 129. Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
  130. 130. International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
  131. 131. Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  132. 132. Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  133. 133. Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  134. 134. Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
  135. 135. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  136. 136. Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  137. 137. School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  138. 138. School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  139. 139. Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
  140. 140. Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  141. 141. Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  142. 142. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Jodhpur, India
  143. 143. Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  144. 144. Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  145. 145. Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  146. 146. Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  147. 147. Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  148. 148. Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  149. 149. Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  150. 150. Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  151. 151. Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
  152. 152. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
  153. 153. Microbiology Laboratory, Arifin Achmad Hospital, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
  154. 154. School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  155. 155. Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  156. 156. Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
  157. 157. School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
  158. 158. College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
  159. 159. College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
  160. 160. Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  161. 161. Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
  162. 162. Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
  163. 163. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  164. 164. Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  165. 165. Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  166. 166. University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  167. 167. University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  168. 168. Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  169. 169. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  170. 170. Department of Anatomy, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
  171. 171. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
  172. 172. School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
  173. 173. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  174. 174. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  175. 175. San Martin de Porres University, Lima, Peru
  176. 176. School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  177. 177. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  178. 178. Kasturba Medical College of Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  179. 179. Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  180. 180. Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  181. 181. Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  182. 182. Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  183. 183. Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  184. 184. Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
  185. 185. Department of Pharmacology, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
  186. 186. Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Belgrade, Serbia
  187. 187. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  188. 188. Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  189. 189. Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  190. 190. Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology, New Delhi, India
  191. 191. Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Biostatistics, New Delhi, India
  192. 192. India Cancer Research Consortium, New Delhi, India
  193. 193. Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
  194. 194. Clinical Sciences Department, United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  195. 195. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  196. 196. Mass Communication Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  197. 197. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  198. 198. Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
  199. 199. Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
  200. 200. Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
  201. 201. School of Public Health, Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India
  202. 202. Epidemiology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  203. 203. Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  204. 204. Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  205. 205. Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, Ethiopia
  206. 206. Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to Be University, Karad, India
  207. 207. Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to Be University, Karad, India
  208. 208. Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
  209. 209. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  210. 210. Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  211. 211. Central Department of Public Health, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  212. 212. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
  213. 213. Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  214. 214. Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  215. 215. Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
  216. 216. Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
  217. 217. School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
  218. 218. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
  219. 219. Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS, Roma, Italy
  220. 220. Global Health Research Institute, Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Roma, Italy
  221. 221. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
  222. 222. Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  223. 223. Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
  224. 224. Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
  225. 225. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  226. 226. Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  227. 227. Departamento de Cl nica M dica, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  228. 228. Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  229. 229. Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  230. 230. Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
  231. 231. Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  232. 232. Population and Behavioural Sciences Division, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
  233. 233. Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  234. 234. National Institute of Epidemiology, ICMR School of Public Health, Chennai, India
  235. 235. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  236. 236. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  237. 237. Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
  238. 238. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
  239. 239. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  240. 240. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  241. 241. Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  242. 242. Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  243. 243. Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  244. 244. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  245. 245. Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  246. 246. Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
  247. 247. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  248. 248. Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  249. 249. Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  250. 250. Department of Public Health, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  251. 251. Department of Midwifery, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  252. 252. Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
  253. 253. 2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  254. 254. Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  255. 255. Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  256. 256. School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  257. 257. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  258. 258. Department of Nursing, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
  259. 259. Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
  260. 260. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale, Goba, Ethiopia
  261. 261. Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  262. 262. Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
  263. 263. Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  264. 264. Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  265. 265. Research Department - Infectious Diseases, Kathmandu, Nepal
  266. 266. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Hajipur, India
  267. 267. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  268. 268. Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
  269. 269. Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  270. 270. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiac n Rosales, Mexico
  271. 271. Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  272. 272. Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
  273. 273. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  274. 274. Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  275. 275. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  276. 276. Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  277. 277. School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
  278. 278. Department of Maternal and Neonatal Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  279. 279. Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  280. 280. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  281. 281. Department of Public Health and Health Policy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  282. 282. Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  283. 283. Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  284. 284. Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  285. 285. College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  286. 286. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
  287. 287. Direction de L' pid miologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies, Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
  288. 288. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
  289. 289. Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
  290. 290. Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  291. 291. Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  292. 292. Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  293. 293. Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
  294. 294. Department of International Cyber Education, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
  295. 295. Internal Medicine Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  296. 296. Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  297. 297. School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
  298. 298. Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
  299. 299. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran, Iran
  300. 300. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
  301. 301. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Department of International Studies, Tehran, Iran
  302. 302. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  303. 303. Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  304. 304. School of Pharmacy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  305. 305. Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  306. 306. Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  307. 307. Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  308. 308. Department of Midwifery, Institute of Health Science, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  309. 309. Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, Catholic University of Portugal, Porto, Portugal
  310. 310. Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
  311. 311. Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
  312. 312. School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
  313. 313. Institute of Public Health, Charit Universit tsmedizin Berlin, Charit Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  314. 314. Department of Medical Parasitology, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  315. 315. Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
  316. 316. Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  317. 317. Faculty of Health and Public Administration, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  318. 318. Department of Applied Social Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Targu Mures, Romania
  319. 319. Community Medicine Department, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
  320. 320. Department of Community Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
  321. 321. Institute of Health and Management, School of Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  322. 322. Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
  323. 323. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  324. 324. School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  325. 325. Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  326. 326. Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  327. 327. Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  328. 328. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  329. 329. Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat, Iran
  330. 330. Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  331. 331. Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  332. 332. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  333. 333. Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, City of Knowledge, Panama
  334. 334. Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
  335. 335. Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
  336. 336. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
  337. 337. Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  338. 338. Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Toxicology Department, Delhi, India
  339. 339. School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
  340. 340. Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  341. 341. School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  342. 342. Department of Midwifery, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  343. 343. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
  344. 344. Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
  345. 345. Medical Research Unit, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  346. 346. Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
  347. 347. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  348. 348. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
  349. 349. Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  350. 350. Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
  351. 351. Community- Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  352. 352. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  353. 353. Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  354. 354. School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
  355. 355. Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Robe, Ethiopia
  356. 356. Department of Applied Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  357. 357. Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
  358. 358. Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  359. 359. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  360. 360. Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh
  361. 361. Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas a and M University, College Station, TX, United States
  362. 362. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  363. 363. Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  364. 364. Burn Research Center, Shahid Motahari Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  365. 365. Czech National Centre for Evidence- Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  366. 366. Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  367. 367. Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  368. 368. Czech National Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  369. 369. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
  370. 370. Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
  371. 371. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  372. 372. College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  373. 373. Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
  374. 374. Department of Medicine, University of Burundi, Burundi
  375. 375. ARNECH Research and Consulting Office, Bujumbura, Burundi
  376. 376. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia
  377. 377. School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  378. 378. Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
  379. 379. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
  380. 380. Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
  381. 381. Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India
  382. 382. Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
  383. 383. Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  384. 384. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
  385. 385. Health Informatics Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  386. 386. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
  387. 387. Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  388. 388. Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  389. 389. Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  390. 390. Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  391. 391. Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  392. 392. Department of Surgery, National Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  393. 393. Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Delhi, India
  394. 394. Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
  395. 395. Hungarian Health Management Association, Budapest, Hungary
  396. 396. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  397. 397. Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  398. 398. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  399. 399. Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  400. 400. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
  401. 401. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  402. 402. Department of Anatomy, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
  403. 403. Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  404. 404. Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  405. 405. Centre for Tropical Diseases and Global Health, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
  406. 406. Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  407. 407. Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  408. 408. Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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  453. 453. Civil Engineering Faculty, University of Colima, Coquimatl n City, Mexico
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  461. 461. Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  462. 462. Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  463. 463. Social Determinants of Health Center, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  464. 464. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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  466. 466. National Data Management Center for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  467. 467. Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  468. 468. Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  469. 469. Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
  470. 470. Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
  471. 471. Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  472. 472. Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  473. 473. Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
  474. 474. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  475. 475. Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  476. 476. Prof Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology State Research Institute, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  477. 477. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  478. 478. School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  479. 479. Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  480. 480. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  481. 481. Scientific Communications Department, Invitae, Boulder, CO, United States
  482. 482. Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  483. 483. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India
  484. 484. Health Workforce Department, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
  485. 485. School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
  486. 486. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar, India
  487. 487. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
  488. 488. Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  489. 489. Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  490. 490. Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  491. 491. Estia Health Blakehurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
  492. 492. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  493. 493. International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  494. 494. School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  495. 495. Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
  496. 496. Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
  497. 497. Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
  498. 498. Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
  499. 499. Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  500. 500. Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  501. 501. Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
  502. 502. Department of Biochemistry, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Bihta, Patna, India
  503. 503. Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
  504. 504. Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  505. 505. School of Pharmacy, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  506. 506. Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  507. 507. Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
  508. 508. Mass Communication Department, Ajman University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  509. 509. Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
  510. 510. Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mysore, India
  511. 511. Department of Public Health, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
  512. 512. Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes and Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
  513. 513. Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  514. 514. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
  515. 515. Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  516. 516. Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  517. 517. Yonsei University College of Medicine (S Park BEng), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  518. 518. College of Medicine (Prof J Shin MD), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
  519. 519. Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
  520. 520. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  521. 521. Department of Infection Control, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
  522. 522. First Clinical College, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  523. 523. IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Milan, Italy
  524. 524. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  525. 525. Department of Psychiatry, University of S o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  526. 526. International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  527. 527. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  528. 528. International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  529. 529. Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India
  530. 530. Data Management and Analysis, INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
  531. 531. Non Communicable Diseases Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
  532. 532. Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  533. 533. Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
  534. 534. Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  535. 535. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
  536. 536. College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
  537. 537. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
  538. 538. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  539. 539. Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  540. 540. School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
  541. 541. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  542. 542. Department of Community Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
  543. 543. Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
  544. 544. Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
  545. 545. Department of Oral Pathology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, India
  546. 546. Department of Geography, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
  547. 547. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
  548. 548. School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
  549. 549. Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
  550. 550. Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  551. 551. Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  552. 552. Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  553. 553. Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  554. 554. Department of Protein Research, Alexandria, Egypt
  555. 555. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  556. 556. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  557. 557. Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
  558. 558. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jinnah Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
  559. 559. Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  560. 560. Department of Infectious Disease, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  561. 561. Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
  562. 562. Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
  563. 563. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  564. 564. Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  565. 565. Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  566. 566. Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran
  567. 567. Health Policy and Management (H Salari PhD), Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
  568. 568. Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  569. 569. Department of Biology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
  570. 570. Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
  571. 571. Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
  572. 572. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
  573. 573. Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Puducherry, India
  574. 574. Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  575. 575. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
  576. 576. Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Bangalore, India
  577. 577. HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant, HealthCare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India
  578. 578. Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
  579. 579. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
  580. 580. Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  581. 581. Department of Medical Oncology, Kent Hospital, Warwick, RI, United States
  582. 582. Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  583. 583. Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
  584. 584. School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
  585. 585. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
  586. 586. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
  587. 587. Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
  588. 588. Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilh, Portugal
  589. 589. School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
  590. 590. Department of Medicine Service, Birmingham, AL, United States
  591. 591. Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  592. 592. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Maternal and Child Health Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  593. 593. Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar, Deemed to Be University, Mullana, India
  594. 594. Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Clinical Branch, Moscow, Russian Federation
  595. 595. Addiction Psychiatry Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  596. 596. Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
  597. 597. Department of Surgery, Sf. Pantelimon Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  598. 598. Department of Biomedical Science, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
  599. 599. Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  600. 600. School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
  601. 601. Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  602. 602. Projahnmo Research Foundation, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  603. 603. Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  604. 604. Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  605. 605. Policy Research Institute, Technology and Natural Resources, Department of Science, Kathmandu, Nepal
  606. 606. Department of Economics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
  607. 607. Department of Research and Innovation, Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, United States
  608. 608. Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
  609. 609. Department of Public Health, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  610. 610. Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  611. 611. Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  612. 612. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  613. 613. Infectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  614. 614. Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
  615. 615. Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
  616. 616. Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
  617. 617. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  618. 618. Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  619. 619. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  620. 620. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit - Hanoi, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  621. 621. College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  622. 622. Faculty of Information Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  623. 623. Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
  624. 624. Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  625. 625. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
  626. 626. Department of Health Management, S leyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
  627. 627. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  628. 628. Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
  629. 629. Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  630. 630. Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  631. 631. NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC), University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
  632. 632. Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

Source: The Lancet Published:2022


Abstract

Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
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