From Inequalities to Solutions: An Explanatory Sequential Study on Type 2 Diabetes Health Services Utilization Publisher



Torabipour A¹ ; Karimi S² ; Aminirarani M³ ; Gharacheh L¹ Show Affiliations
Source: BMC Health Services Research Published:2025

Abstract

Background: Health inequities are a significant issue. This study aimed to measure and decompose socioeconomic inequality in the utilization of type 2 diabetes (T2D) services and propose solutions to mitigate these inequalities. Methods: This explanatory sequential mixed-method study was conducted in two phases: quantitative and qualitative. A total of 2000 T2D patients from health centers, hospitals, and diabetes clinics in Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces, Iran, were selected. In the quantitative phase, the existence of inequality in the utilization of T2D services was examined using the Concentration Index (CI) approach. To determine the contribution of each explanatory variable to T2D inequality, we used concentration index decomposition analysis. In the qualitative phase, based on the main contributors identified in the quantitative phase, we conducted semi-structured interviews with purposefully selected key experts to identify solutions for reducing inequality in the utilization of T2D services. Results: The sample consisted of 65.3% men, with 40% of T2D patients being over 60 years old. The CI values were 0.31 (p < 0.05) for outpatient services, -0.10 (p > 0.05) for inpatient services, and 0.11 (p < 0.05) for pharmaceutical services. This indicates an inequality in the utilization of outpatient and pharmaceutical services among T2D patients, while the inequality in inpatient services was not significant. The main variables contributing to inequality in outpatient services were health status (33.54%), basic insurance (27.43%), and socioeconomic status (24.08%). For pharmaceutical services, the contributing variables were health status (22.20%), basic insurance (13.63%), and socioeconomic status (34.35%). Experts’ solutions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in Iran were classified into three main themes: socioeconomic status, health status, and basic insurance, with 29 sub-themes. Conclusion: The results suggest that targeted health interventions for poor T2D patients are recommended. Efforts towards universal coverage in outpatient care and commonly used pharmaceutical items, such as: Antidiabetic Drugs, Triglyceride Control Drugs, Cardiovascular Drugs, Neuropathy Drugs, and Nephropathy Drugs, should be considered. © The Author(s) 2025.